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Floral anatomy, embryology, seed, and fruit development in Cephalanthus (Naucleeae-Rubiaceae), with emphasis on C. glabratus

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Abstract

Information on the reproductive anatomy in genera of the tribe Naucleeae, particularly Cephalanthus, is scarce and fragmented. Of the six species in the genus, only the mature megagamethophyte of Cephalanthus occidentalis has been described. This study aims to provide information on embryological aspects in flowers of C. glabratus and to analyze the morphology and anatomy of the flowers, fruit, and seed in the six species of the genus. Cephalanthus glabratus have imperfect flowers: pistillate (PF) and staminate (SF). In the PF, the ovules are functional, while in the SF, they atrophy during the formation of the embryo sac. The mature ovule has a single integument, corresponds to the Phyllis type and the embryo sac is a Polygonum type, forming only in the PF. The presence of pollenkitt and secondary presentation of pollen were observed in the SF, as well as in the pollen formation previously described, whereas in the PF, they are absent, due to the collapse of the pollen grains inside the indehiscent anthers. The analysis of the ontogeny of the ovular excrescence in C. glabratus determined its funicular origin, calling it an aril. Its development is a pre-anthesis event, initiated during megasporogenesis. In seeds, the aril is a fleshy, white appendage which almost completely envelops the seeds of Cephalanthus, except for Cephalanthus natalensis where it is noticeably more reduced. Studies of the fruit in Cephalanthus species indicate that the infructescence is a dry schizocarp which separates into uni-seminated mericarps, except in C. natalensis that has fleshy indehiscent fruit.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Prof. Charlotte Taylor for providing fixed material of C. occidentalis, and to Rosemary Scoffield for reading the English manuscript critically.

Funding

The first author thanks CONICET for the doctoral grant. This work was funded by the Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (grants PICTO 199–2011 and PI 01–2012 to AMG, and PI A013-2013 and PI 16P001 to MFR and RMS) and from ANPCyT—Foncyt (PICT 2016–3517 to MFR and RMS).

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  1. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), Sargento Cabral 2131, C. C. 209, C. P. 3400, Corrientes, Argentina

    María Florencia Romero, Roberto Manuel Salas & Ana Maria Gonzalez

  2. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura (FaCENA-UNNE), Avenida Libertad 5470, C. P. 3400, Corrientes, Argentina

    Roberto Manuel Salas

  3. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias (UNNE), Sargento Cabral 2131, C. P. 3400, Corrientes, Argentina

    Ana Maria Gonzalez

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  1. María Florencia Romero
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Correspondence to María Florencia Romero.

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Appendix

Appendix

List of all specimens analyzed, with * were highlighted specimens fixed in FAA.

Cephalanthus angustifolius Lour. Vietnam — ANNAM. Bên Du pro, Thua Thiên Récolte sur le bord de Sông Bô, 16° 31′ 40.8′′ N; 107° 34′ 22.8′′ W, 13 May 1920, M. Poilane 1410 (K); Nha Trang, sine data, M. Krempf s.n. (P03820121); idem, M. Krempf s.n. (P03820124); Khanh Hoa, Dien Khanh district, road transact Suoi Cat-Hon Ba, at km 19 to Hon Ba, forest along rocky riverbank of Da Giang River, 12° 06′ 53″ N, 109° 00′ 12″ E, 22 Jun 2004, D.D. Soejarto 13,284 (F, P); idem, Suoi Cat Village, lowland tropical rain forest formation, 12° 7.97′ N, 109° 1.28′ E, 110 m, 26 Nov 2004, D.D. Soejarto 13,284 (F, P).

Cephalanthus glabratus (Spreng.) K. Schum. Argentina— CORRIENTES: San Cosme, Las Lomas, 29 Ago 2015, M.F. Romero 60* (CTES); Concepción, Ea Yatay Cora, 50 km NE de Chavarría, 23 Oct 1996, M.M. Arbo 6797 (CTES); Ituzaingó: Ea San Pedro, 56° 52′ W 27° 45′ S, 13 Nov 1976, M.M. Arbo 1250 (CTES); Itá Ibaté, 13 Oct 1949, G.J. Schwarz 8235 (CTES); Mburucuyá, 06 Nov 1949, G.J. Schwarz 8564 (CTES); Riachuelo, 09 Sep 2015, M.F. Romero 61* (CTES); Saladas, Rincón de Ambrosio, 14 Oct 974, A. Schinini & C. Cristobal 9984 (CTES); San Luis del Palmar, 26 Ago 2017, M.F. Romero 67* (CTES); ENTRE RÍOS: Paraná, 12 Dec 1944, A. Schulz 90 (CTES). MISIONES: Iguazú, Parque Nacional Iguazú, circuito superior, salto Rivadavia, 27 Nov 1995, J. Herrera 113 (CTES). Brazil— RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Cruz Alta, 10 km S de Cruz Alta, 30 Dec 1980, A. Krapovickas & R. Vanni 37,068 (CTES). MATO GROSO DO SUL: Aquidauana, 19° 15′ S 55° 58′ W, 21 Nov 1989, A. Pott 5406 (CTES). Paraguay— ALTO PARANÁ: 14 km W de Itaquyry, 12 Oct 1995, A. Schinini & G. Caballero M. 30,213 (CTES); Concepción, Paso Horqueta, Río Aquidabán, 19 Oct 1984, A. Duré 389 (CTES). Cordillera, Valenzuela, 06 Dec 1989, R. Vanni 1172 (CTES). Uruguay— CERRO LARGO: Ruta 8 km 374, ayo. del Parao, 32° 44′ 34″ S, 54° 13′ 14″ W, 113 m, 29 Nov 2001, G. Seijo 2714 (CTES). COLONIA: Punta Gorda, confluencia del Río Uruguay con el Río de la Plata, E. de Rincón de Darwin, 33° 54′ 57″ S, 58° 24′ 49″ W, 35 m, 24 Nov 2007, V. Solis Neffa & G. Seijo 2121 (CTES).

Cephalanthus natalensis Oliv. Malawi. Southern Mt. Mulanje—Big Ruo Valley, 1800 m, 3 Nov 1988, J.D. Chapman & E.G. Chapman 9390 (K, MO). South Africa. Nkangala, 12 Jun 1932, J.C. Smuts 21 (K); 2 miles N of Potholes, 6 Mar 1968, O.A. Leistner 3261 (K). TRANSVAAL: Barbestón, 2 Oct 1922, F.A. Rogers 21,605 (K). Soutpansberg, 9 Jul 1937, J.C. Smuts 3283 (K). Wavervol ouder, 1 Oct 1979, Ruprossev 1227 (K). Sabie, Langverwag, 24 Ago 1963, W.J. Louw 2836 (AAU). Tanzania. Mbeya, Rungwe Livingstone Mountains; foot trail from Bumbigi on steep ridge top N of Isalala River, 9° 11′ S, 33° 52′ E, 1900 m, 3 Mar 1991, R.E. Gereau & C.J. Kayombo 4174 (MO).

Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Canada— OTTAWA: Pontiac Station, 30 miles west Hull, north shore of Ottawa river, 28 Ago 1948, A.J.J. Breitung 7327 (SI) — QUÉBEC: Rigaud, comté de Vaudreuil, 26 Jul 1934, E. Roy 3337 (SI). USA— ARIZONA: Maricopa Co., 628 m, 6 Jul 2012, L. Markings & L. Butler 3959 (ASU, SI); idem, Bosque Nacional de Tonto, 33° 47.93′ N, 11° 29.49′ W, 25 Jun 1999, L. Landrum 9539 (CTES) — ILLINOIS: Jackson Co., 37° 35′ 08″ N, 89° 27′ 44″ W, 110 m, 21 Oct 2014, M.H. Nee 61,696 (MO, SI) — MISSOURI: Saint Louis City, Missouri Botanical Garden’s Monsanto Research Center campus, by southwest corner of building, south of chiller equipment, 06 Sep 2017, C.M. Taylor 12,977* (CTES, MO). — NEW JERSEY: Burlington Co., 23 Jul 1981, L. Ley 42,199 (CTES). New York, Bronx, 40° 52′ 03″ N, 73° 52′ 34″ W, 16 m, 6 Jun 2006, M.H. Nee 54,470 (SI). — TEXAS: Aransas Pass Co., on N. Mc Campbell Road, between Rabbit Road and Jacoby Lane, 3 Jun 1998, P.A. Fryxell 5137 (CTES); Comanche Co., Near Cache, 25 Jun 1913, G.W. Stevens 1319 (SI). — WISCONSIN: Richland Co., 210 m, 14 Jul 1978, M. H. Nee 16,308 (SI); idem, 2 miles NW OF Blue River, floodplain of the Wisconsin River, along the channel (usually with flowing water) flowing into Garner Lake, 43° 11′ 55″ N, 90° 36′ 00″ W, 204 m, 27 Sep 2014, M.H. Nee 61,662 (SI).

Cephalanthus salicifolius Bonpl. El Salvador. — MORAZÁN: Río Sapo, area burnt ca. 20 years prior, 13° 55′ 47″ N, 88° 06′ 01″ W, 678 m, 25 March 2002, A.K. Monro 3808 (MO). Honduras. El Paraíso, Yuscarán, Aldea El Rodeo, quebrada Las Zarcas, road to Oropolí, 13° 53′ 06″ N, 86° 46′ 47″ W, 420 m, 3 May 2000, A. Molina R. et al. 34,926 (MO). México. — HIDALGO: Jojutla, 31 Ago 1902, C.G. Pringle 9822 (SI). —NAYARIT: San Blas, 3,8 km al SE de Tecuitata sobre camino a tierra El Cora, carr. Jalcocotan-Miramar, 21° 26′ 16″ N, 105° 08′ 13″ W, 10 Nov 1994, G. Flores F. & O. Téllez V. 3435 (CTES). — MORELOS: Cuernavaca, 16 Jan 1901, C.G. Pringle 8474 (SI). —COLIMA: Ruta 110, Colima a Pihuamo, Km 215 a Río Salado, 19° 11′ 32″ N, 103° 41′ 45″ W, 300 m, 18 Jan 1982, D.H. Lorence et al. 3798 (MO).

Cephalanthus tetrandrus (Roxb.) Ridsdale & Bakh. f. India. [Uttar Pradesh], Pilibhit, 25 May 1898, K. Inayat 23,668 (K); [Uttar Pradesh], [Lakhimpur] Kheri, idem, 24 Jun 1900, K. Inayat 22,377 (K). Assam, without precise locality, s. col., (K000265513); “M. Sillet”, 1832, N. Wallich s.n. (K001067160); Katya, Keshampur, South Kheri, 17 May 1920, S. Ram s.n. (K); without precise locality, s. col. (K000265509). China. Yizhang, Hunan, in plain, by river side, 15 Jul 1942, S.H. Chen 1896 (AAU), locality and collector in Chinese language, 19 May 1983, collection number 323 (AAU).

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Romero, M.F., Salas, R.M. & Gonzalez, A.M. Floral anatomy, embryology, seed, and fruit development in Cephalanthus (Naucleeae-Rubiaceae), with emphasis on C. glabratus . Protoplasma 259, 237–261 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-021-01664-8

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