Abstract
The floral traits in Bignoniaceae are claimed as precise determiners of specialized pollination systems. Here, we investigated how such floral traits ensure a highly specialized interaction between Jacaranda rugosa and medium-sized bees by examining visual, and olfactory signaling, as well as mechanical fit to pollinating bees. We also report the efficiency of the system by fitness measures (pollen delivery from anthers; pollen deposition on stigma; fruit and seed set). Jacaranda rugosa probably attracting bees through chromatic and achromatic contrasts of staminode with corolla and pollen mimicry, and floral volatile compounds that are common to other bee-pollinated systems. Fundamental and realized accuracy ensure tight mechanical fit to medium-sized bees. While the natural female component is strongly limited, promoting lower fruit set than pollinated flowers, the floral morphology seems to ensure high male fitness by pollen transfer. Our results demonstrate that floral traits of J. rugosa promote a specialized system for pollination by medium-sized bees, and this process is likely to happen in other species of Bignoniaceae or flowers with similar traits.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Floral visitation photos available at iNaturalist observations code: 109387821-23.
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Acknowledgements
We thank PELD/CNPq/Catimbau (Long-Term Ecological Research Project) for the permission and logistical support to carry out the project in the Catimbau National Park. To colleagues from the Laboratory of Floral and Reproductive Biology–Polinizar, Botany Department, at UFPE (Federal University of Pernambuco). To Dr. Vinicius L.G. Brito for suggestions in manuscript. To Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior–Brasil (CAPES–88882.347732/2019-0 to CASP and Finance Code 001).
Funding
This research was financially supported by the FACEPE (Foundation for the Support of Science and Technology of Pernambuco) (IBPG-1258–2.05/14, IBPG-0550–2.03/14 and BCT-0085–2.03/19) and the CNPq (Proc.n. 311021/2014 and 310508/2019–3).
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Pontes, C.A.d., Domingos-Melo, A., Milet-Pinheiro, P. et al. Staminode of Jacaranda rugosa A.H. Gentry (Bignoniaceae) promotes functional specialization by ensuring signaling and mechanical fit to medium-sized bees. Org Divers Evol 22, 527–541 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-022-00558-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-022-00558-8