http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2014v27n4p21
21
Biotemas, 27 (4): 21-27, dezembro de 2014
ISSNe 2175-7925
Analysis of meiotic behavior in Cordia ecalyculata Vell.
(Boraginaceae)
Damião do Nascimento 1
Patricia Gonçalves Sbais 2
Andréia Rodrigues Alonso-Pereira 1
Adriele Fialho do Canto 1
Mariza Barion Romagnolo 2
Odair Alberton 1
Claudicéia Risso-Pascotto 3*
1
Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agricultura, Universidade Paranaense
Praça Mascarenhas de Moraes, 4282, CEP 87502-210, Umuarama – PR, Brasil
2
Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá – PR, Brasil
3
Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Francisco Beltrão – PR, Brasil
* Autor para correspondência
claudiceia.unioeste@yahoo.com.br
Submetido em 20/03/2014
Aceito para publicação em 01/07/2014
Resumo
Análise do comportamento meiótico em Cordia ecalyculata Vell. (Boraginaceae). A espécie Cordia
ecalyculata pertence à família Boraginaceae, é conhecida popularmente por café de bugre. Para ins medicinais
é indicada como tônico, diurético, anti-inlamatório e inibidor do apetite. Visando contribuir para um melhor
entendimento da espécie, inlorescências jovens de seis indivíduos foram coletadas e ixadas em solução de
etanol e ácido acético (3:1) por 24 h. As lâminas foram preparadas utilizando a técnica de esmagamento e
coradas com carmim acético a 1%. Durante a microsporogênese poucas irregularidades foram encontradas, as
mais frequentes estão relacionadas à segregação irregular dos cromossomos, tais como: Ascensão precoce para
os polos em metáfase I e II, bivalente não orientado em metáfase I e II, e cromossomos retardatários em anáfase
I e II, levando a formação de micronúcleos. Outra irregularidade observada esta relacionada a organização das
ibras dos fusos em meiose II, que se organizam na forma em T e V. Na coniguração de fuso na forma de V
ocorreu fusão entre dois núcleos que estavam próximos, formando tríade ao invés de tétrade, levando à formação
de micrósporos 2n inal da meiose. Entretanto, as irregularidades observadas não comprometeram a fertilidade
da espécie em análise, uma vez que a viabilidade dos grãos de pólen variou de 95,42% a 100%.
Palavras-chave: Cordia ecalycula; Fuso irregular; Meiose; Microsporogênese
Abstract
Cordia ecalyculata belongs to the Boraginaceae family, and is commonly known as buggy coffee. It is
indicated for medicinal use as a tonic, diuretic, anti-inlammatory and appetite suppressant. Young inlorescences of
Revista Biotemas, 27 (4), dezembro de 2014
22
D. Nascimento et al.
six individuals were collected and ixed in a mixture of ethanol and acetic acid (3:1) for 24 hours. The slides were
prepared by crushing and staining tissue with 1% acetic carmine. During microsporogenesis some irregularities
were observed, mostly frequently related to irregular chromosome segregation. Irregularities included: precocious
migration to poles in metaphase I and II, disoriented bivalent chromosomes at metaphase I and II, laggard
chromosomes in anaphase I and II, and micronuclei formation. We also observed irregular spindle organization in
meiosis II, leading to ‘T’ and ‘V’ shaped spindle conigurations. In the V-shaped coniguration, two nearby nuclei
fused, forming triads instead of tetrads; this lead to formation of 2n microspore at the end of meiosis. However,
pollen grain viability was not compromised, as pollen grain viability varied between 95.42% and 100%.
Key words: Cordia ecalycula; Irregular spindle; Meiosis; Microsporogenesis
Introduction
Cordia ecalyculata Vell, known commonly as
buggy coffee, is an arboreal, evergreen, heliophytic
species typical of humid and fertile soils in semideciduous
forests (SOUZA; LORENZI, 2005). The wood can be
used to make light boxes, matchsticks and toys, and is
suitable for street afforestation. This species produces
red fruit, similar to coffee. The fruits are appreciated
by animals, and can be toasted and commercialized as
a tea product (CRUZ, 1995; LORENZI, 2002). Cordia
ecalyculata is also widely used for medicinal purposes,
primarily by indigenous people, being indicated as a
tonic, diuretic, anti-inlammatory agent and appetite
inhibitor (LORENZI; MATOS, 2008).
Cytogenetics is a ield focused on the study of
cytological events, mainly those related to the behavior
and genetics of chromosomes. Meiosis and mitosis are
the basic events studied by cytogeneticists (MONDIN;
NETO, 2006). During the meiotic process, changes
may occur in various stages that can ultimately lead to
formation of structural anomalies which compromise
gamete viability (AULER et al., 2006). Despite the high
diversity of native arboreal species in Brazil, little is
known about the cytogenetic behavior of some of these
species. Cytological reviews can enhance the eficiency
of current conservation strategies, while improving
the greater body of research regarding these species
(AULER et al., 2006; SOUZA-KANESHIMA et al.,
2010; KIIHL et al., 2011; GODOY et al., 2012).
The aim of this work was to study the meiotic
behavior of Cordia ecalyculata Vell using the
microsporogenesis technique to estimate the viability
of the pollen grains, and to thereby obtain information
Revista Biotemas, 27 (4), dezembro de 2014
that may assist in the maintenance and conservation of
the species.
Material and Methods
Six individuals (Cordia ecalyculata Vell) were
collected in Caiuá Ecological Station in Diamante do
Norte, Paraná State, Brazil (22°41’S and 52°55’W)
for analysis of young inlorescences. To identify the
species of the individuals, herbarium specimens were
mounted according to standard techniques (FIDALGO;
BONONI, 1989), and were deposited in the State
University of Maringá – UEM herbarium, under the
following registration numbers: HUEM 16283, HUEM
16417, HUEM 21970, HUEM 23888, HUEM 23897
and HUEM 25385.
Inlorescences in different stages of development
were collected and ixed in a solution of ethanol and
glacial acetic acid (3:1) for a period of 24 h at room
temperature, after which they were washed in 70%
ethanol and stored in 70% ethanol at 4°C until use.
Microscope slides were prepared by crushing and
staining it with 1% acetic carmine. For analysis of
meiotic behavior, at least 1000 cells from each individual
were analyzed in various meiotic phases. The staining
intensity and size of approximately 300 microspores
and pollen grains of each individual were analyzed and
classiied following the criteria described by CaetanoPereira et al. (1999) in order to estimate pollen grain
viability.
Analyses were performed via optical microscopy,
and the cells were photographed using a digital camera
(Celestron, Model 44420), changing only contrast and
brightness between sample visualization.
Analysis of meiotic behavior in Cordia ecalyculata
Results and Discussion
Cytological analyses of meiocytes in prophase
I revealed 12 chromosomes in bivalent association,
for a total of 24 chromosomes in diakinesis (2n = 24,
Figure1a).
Cytoplasmic connections joining pollen mother
cells (PMC) were observed in four of the six analyzed
individuals (HUEM 16283, HUEM 16417, HUEM
21970 and HUEM 23888) (Table 1). The connections
disappeared in early meiosis while still in prophase I, and
only HUEM 21970 displayed cytoplasmic connections
during metaphase I (Figure 1b).
23
Gates (1908), analyzing an Oenothera species,
described the cytoplasmic connections as thin, delicate,
threadlike connections, resembling those that connect
adjacent pollen mother cells. Heslop-Harrison (1966)
suggested that cytoplasmic channels are formed in
early prophase I connecting pre-meiotic cells, which
plays a crucial role in cellular synchronization; these
channels are disrupted resulting in complete separation
of meiocytes during meiosis.
Wang et al. (2002), while working with Lilium
davidii, observed that cytoplasmic channel formation
occurred in the beginning of prophase I in the zygotene
phase, and disappeared at the end of pachytene due to
callose deposition.
FIGURE 1: Meiotic Abnormalities in Cordia ecalyculata. a) Diakinesis with 12 bivalent chromosomes; b) metaphase I with cytoplasmic
channel joining two meiocytes (arrow); c) metaphase I with non-congressed chromosome (arrow); d) metaphase I with
precociously migrating chromosomes (arrow); e) telophase I with micronucleus (arrow); f) metaphase II with both irregular
spindle and non-congressed chromosome; g) anaphase II with both irregular spindle and lagging chromosomes; h) metaphase
II with T-shaped irregular spindle; i) metaphase II with V-shaped irregular spindle; j) telophase II with T-shaped irregular
spindle; k) telophase II with V-shaped irregular spindle; l) Late telophase II with V-shaped irregular spindle, showing nucleus
proximity; m) telophase II with refunded nucleus; n) normal telophase II; o) triad; p) normal tetrad; q) tetrad with unbalanced
microspores; r) unbalanced inal product (arrow) and 2n (arrow head). Bar: 10 µm.
Revista Biotemas, 27 (4), dezembro de 2014
24
D. Nascimento et al.
Irregularities related to the chromosomal
segregation process were observed at low frequency in
C. ecalyculata. In ive of the six analyzed individuals, we
observed the presence of non-congressed chromosomes
during metaphase I (Figure 1c, Table 1).
Non-congressing chromosomes, also called
disoriented chromosomes, may arise from spindle
iber connection errors in the chromosome kinetochore
(ADAMOWSKI et al., 2000).
TABLE 1: Aspects of microsporogenesis in C. ecalyculata Vell.
Phase
Abnormalities
METAPHASE I
Cytoplasmic channels
Precocious migration
Non-congression
ANAPHASE I
Lagging
TELOPHASE I
Micronuclei
PROPHASE II
Micronuclei
METAPHASE II
Non-congression
Precocious migration
T-shaped spindle
V-shaped spindle
ANAPHASE II
Lagging
T-shaped spindle
V-shaped spindle
TELOPHASE II
Micronuclei
T-shaped spindle
V-shaped spindle
TETRAD
Triad formation
Total
Individuals analyzed
HUEM 16283 HUEM 16417 HUEM 21970 HUEM 23888 HUEM 23897 HUEM 25385
104
136
107
140
140
158
–
–
02 (1,87%)
–
–
–
04 (3,85%)
04 (2,94%)
02 (1,87%)
06 (4,29%)
06 (4,28%)
07 (4,43%)
–
12 (8,82%)
14 (13,08%)
01 (0,71%)
04 (2,86%)
04 (2,53%)
128
89
97
112
87
61
02 (1,56%)
–
04 (4,12%)
08 (7,14%)
03 (3,45%)
01 (1,64%)
157
137
106
160
152
172
02 (1,27%)
03 (2,19%)
02 (1,89%)
11 (6,87%)
06 (3,95%)
–
152
164
182
162
112
175
–
08 (4,88%)
04 (2,20%)
02 (1,23%)
–
–
166
174
116
166
121
166
–
05 (2,87%)
09 (7,76%)
11 (6,63%)
–
–
14 (8,43%)
–
–
–
–
–
08 (4,82%)
05 (2,87%)
19 (16,38%)
11 (6,63%)
–
05 (3,01%)
16 (9,64%)
21 (12,07%)
17 (14,66%)
09 (5,42%)
–
08 (4,82%)
128
144
133
104
72
93
04 (3,12%)
–
03 (2,25%)
04 (3,85%)
–
–
06 (4,69%)
04 (2,78%)
09 (6,77%)
07 (6,73%)
–
02 (2,15%)
11 (8,59%)
16 (11,11%)
21(15,79%)
08 (7,69%)
–
03 (3,22%)
153
174
121
169
144
176
03 (1,96%)
–
02 (1,65%)
02 (1,18%)
–
02 (1,14%)
–
15 (8,62%)
09 (7,44%)
08 (4,73%)
–
03 (1,70%)
03 (1,96%)
05 (2,87%)
14 (11,57%)
09 (5,33%)
–
05 (2,84%)
186
171
403
234
182
188
–
–
06 (1,49%)
04 (1,71%)
–
04 (2,12%)
1092
1235
Precocious migration of chromosomes in metaphase
I was observed in all six individuals analyzed (Table
1), in which some homologous chromosomes became
separated and migrated to opposite poles early (Figure
1d). According to Kiihl et al. (2010), early migration
to the poles may occur due to absence or early
terminalization of chiasmata. Chiasmata are formed after
crossing-over during prophase I, having the function
of keeping the homologous chromosomes together
until the onset of anaphase I (ALBERTS et al., 2010).
Pagliarini (2000) suggested that precocious migration
Revista Biotemas, 27 (4), dezembro de 2014
1301
1208
1056
1182
of the chromosomes to the poles may be due to the
presence of asynaptic (as) and desynaptic (dy) genes.
Thus, during prophase I synapse absence results in lack
of chiasma formation.
Until early anaphase I, the homologous
chromosomes are held together by chiasmata, which
are formed in prophase I. At this stage the disruption
of centromeres and the shortening of the spindle ibers
causes each chromosome to be pulled to opposite poles.
Chromosomes that remain delayed (in relation to the
majority) in migrating to the poles during segregation are
25
Analysis of meiotic behavior in Cordia ecalyculata
called ‘lagging’ chromosomes. Pagliarini and Pozzobon
(2005) suggest that the cause of lagging chromosomes
in anaphase I may be late terminalization of chiasmata.
Early-migrating chromosomes in metaphase I,
and laggards in anaphase I cannot be incorporated into
telophasic nuclei to form micronuclei (Figure 1e). The
micronucleus constitutes a small nuclear mass, and
may have one or more chromosomes, delimited by the
membrane and separate from the main core (FENECH,
1997). Micronuclei were observed in both telophase I
and prophase II.
Following meiosis II, disoriented chromosomes
arising in metaphase II, and lagging chromosomes in
anaphase II were visualized (Figure 1f, g) (Table 1). The
irregular segregation of chromosomes in meiosis I and
II can lead to the formation of micronuclei at the end
of meiosis, and after cytokinesis, may either remain in
microspore tetrads or may be eliminated in the form of
microcytes for an additional cytokinesis. In this case,
the formed tetrads will be genetically unbalanced, and
the resulting unbalanced microspores will be unviable.
Irregularities related to the chromosomal segregation
process, such as disoriented chromosomes, precociously
migrating chromosomes, laggard chromosomes
and micronuclei formation, have been reported in
several different plant species, including: Psychotria
carthagenensis (CORRÊA; FORNI-MARTINS,
2004), Brachiaria brizantha (MENDES-VIEIRA et al.,
2006.), Meconopsis aculeata (SINGHAL; KUMAR,
2008), Brachiaria bovonei (RISSO-PASCOTTO et al.,
2009), Passilora serrato-digitata (KIIHL et al., 2011),
Meliaceae species (GROSSI et al., 2011), Alchornea
triplinervia (GODOY et al., 2012), and Psychotria
myriantha (ALONSO-PEREIRA et al., 2013).
Another irregularity observed was the occurrence
of irregular spindles in meiosis II. Five of the six
individuals analyzed showed changes in the organization
of the spindles, observed from metaphase II to telophase
II. The individual HUEM 21970 showed the highest
frequency of affected cells (Table 1). When irregular
organization occurred, the most common conformations
observed were a T-shaped transverse spindle formation
(Figure 1h, J), followed by the V-shaped formation of the
convergent zone (Figure 1i, k). According to Shamina
et al. (2000), the conformation of the spindles is under
genetic control, and a mutation in the gene can change
their orientation. During polymerization, rather than
arrange themselves in a parallel form, the zones are
organized transversely or convergently, with a T-shaped
or V-shaped coniguration, respectively.
When oriented convergently, the resulting V-shaped
spindle can lead to convergence of telophasic nuclei which
may then become fused, generating a 2n nucleus, (i.e.,
a restitution nucleus) that forms a triad instead of tetrad
after cytokinesis (ENDOW, 1999). HUEM 16283, HUEM
16417, HUEM 21970, HUEM 23888 and HUEM 25385
all presented V-shaped telophase II (Figure 1l, m). Triads
(Figure 1o) were observed only HUEM 21970, HUEM
23888 and HUEM 25385, often ranging from 1.49% to
2.12% (Table 1). A triad consists of two microspores, one
n and one 2n, leading to formation of 2n gametes. The
formation of 2n microspores (Figure 1r) and 2n pollen
grains was observed in 0.87% and 1.81% of post-meiotic
products analyzed, respectively (Table 2).
TABLE 2: Final products of meiosis in C. ecalyculata Vell.
Phase
Abnormalities
MICROSPORE
Unbalanced
2n
POLLEN GRAIN
Unbalanced
2n
HUEM
16283
378
08 (2,11%)
–
HUEM
16417
317
–
03 (0,95%)
Individuals analyzed
HUEM
HUEM
21970
23888
440
318
–
–
02 (0,45%)
09 (2,83%)
356
–
–
320
03 (0,93%)
05 (1,56 %)
457
05 (1.09%)
04 (0.87%)
393
08 (2,04%)
10 (2,54%)
HUEM
23897
410
–
–
HUEM
25385
320
–
05 (1,56%)
390
–
233
02 (0,85%)
02 (0,85%)
Revista Biotemas, 27 (4), dezembro de 2014
26
D. Nascimento et al.
Similar studies (e.g., SOUZA et al., 1999, 2003;
PASCOTTO-RISSO et al., 2005; RICCI et al., 2007;
SHEIDAI et al., 2009; KIIHL et al., 2010; SOUZAKANESHIMA et al., 2010; GROSSI et al., 2011;
GODOY et al., 2012) correlate telophasic nucleic
fusion and subsequent formation of 2n microspores with
T-shaped convergent spindle formation.
GODOY, S. M.; PEREIRA, A. R. A.; ROMAGNOLO, M. B.;
RISSO-PASCOTTO, C. Meiotic behavior during microsporogenesis
of Alchornea triplinervia (Sprengel) Müller Argoviensis. Ciência
Rural, Santa Maria, v. 42, n. 6, p. 1027-1032, 2012.
GROSSI, J. A.; GODOY, S. M.; MACEDO, C. R.; PAULA, G. B. N.;
ROMAGNOLO, M. B.; RISSO-PASCOTTO C. Comportamento
meiótico durante a microsporogênese em espécies da família
Meliaceae. Arquivos de Ciências Veterinárias e Zoologia da
UNIPAR, Umuarama, v. 14, n. 1, p. 51-56, 2011.
The observed irregularities in this study did not
compromise the fertility of the species in question, as
viability of pollen grains ranged from 95.42% to 100%.
Therefore, the process of microsporogenesis in C.
ecalyculata seems well adapted, and may be included in
future breeding programs involving the species.
HESLOP-HARRISON, J. Cytoplasmic connexions between
angiosperm meiocytes. Annals of Botany, Oxford, v. 30, p. 221230, 1966.
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Revista Biotemas, 27 (4), dezembro de 2014