ISSN 1807-1929
Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental
Brazilian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering
v.27, n.9, p.645-652, 2023
Campina Grande, PB – http://www.agriambi.com.br – http://www.scielo.br/rbeaa
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v27n9p645-652
Coriander production under nutrient solution prepared
with brackish waters and seeding densities1
Produção de coentro sob soluções nutritivas preparadas
com águas salobras e densidades de semeio
José A. Santos Júnior2 , Hans R. Gheyi3 , Martiliana M. Freire4* ,
Marianne de L. Barboza2 , Laércia da R. F. Lima2 & Antônio R. Cavalcante5
1
Research developed at Instituto Nacional do Semiárido, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
3
Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil
4
Universidade de São Paulo/Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
5
Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
2
HIGHLIGHTS:
Increasing seeding density under saline conditions increases the water efficiency of hydroponic coriander.
The height of hydroponic coriander bunches under salinity conditions is not affected by increasing seed density.
Increasing seed density reduces the effect of salinity on hydroponic coriander biomass production.
ABSTRACT: The use of brackish water in semi-arid regions is sometimes necessary, as water is the most limiting
factor for agricultural production in these regions. The present study was conducted aiming to evaluate the production
of bunches of Coriandrum sativum L., cultivar Tabocas, in hydroponic system plants exposed to nutrient solutions
prepared with brackish water, obtained by mixing water from a community dam (electrical conductivity of 9.93
dS m-1) with rainwater. The treatments consisted of four values of electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution
(1.49, 3.14, 4.87, and 6.44 dS m-1) and three seeding densities (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g of seeds per cell), arranged in a
completely randomized experimental design in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme, with three replicates. Plant height was not
affected up to the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution of 6.44 dS m-1 with increasing seeding density. The
electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution up to 6.44 dS m-1 at the seeding density of 2.0 g of seed per cell did
not affect the shoot fresh and dry mass of the hydroponic coriander, mitigating the deleterious effect of salinity on
water use efficiency.
Key words: Coriandrum sativum L., semi-arid, soilless culture
RESUMO: O uso de água salobra em regiões semiáridas às vezes é necessário, pois a água é o fator mais limitante
para a produção vegetal nessas regiões. O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a produção de
maços de Coriandrum sativum L., cultivar Tabocas, em plantas do sistema hidropônico expostas à soluções nutritivas
preparadas com água salobra, obtidas por mistura de água de um açude comunitário (condutividade elétrica de 9.93
dS m-1) com água de chuva. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro valores de condutividade elétrica da solução
nutritiva (1,49, 3,14, 4,87 e 6,44 dS m-1) e três densidades de semeadura (1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 g de sementes por célula),
dispostos no delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 × 3, com três repetições.
Até à condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva de 6,44 dS m-1 com o aumento da densidade de semeadura, a altura
das plantas não foi afetada. Na densidade de semeadura de 2,0 g de semente por célula, a condutividade elétrica da
solução nutritiva, até 6,44 dS m-1, não afetou a massa fresca e seca da parte aérea do coentro hidropônico, mitigando
o efeito deletério da salinidade na eficiência do uso da água.
Palavras-chave: Coriandrum sativum L., semiárido, cultivo sem solo
• Ref. 270027 – Received 30 Nov, 2022
* Corresponding author - E-mail: martilianafreire@usp.br
• Accepted 04 Mar, 2023 • Published 26 Apr, 2023
Editors: Geovani Soares de Lima & Carlos Alberto Vieira de Azevedo
This is an open-access article
distributed under the Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0
International License.
José A. Santos Júnior et al.
646
Introduction
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is a horticultural crop
belonging to the family Apiaceae, rich in vitamins A, C, B1,
and B2, as well as in calcium and iron, and widely used in the
pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries (De & De, 2021).
However, it is mainly consumed as green leaves in the Brazilian
semi-arid (Serri et al., 2021).
The production of vegetables such as coriander in this region
of Brazil is sometimes limited by salinity problems that result
in the reduction in the osmotic potential and the toxic action
of some ions, such as chloride and sodium, causing a reduction
in the germination process and plant stand (Bione et al., 2021).
Hydroponic cultivation (Vetrano et al., 2020; Majid et al.,
2021), seeding density arrangement (Guerrini et al., 2020),
and water mixture (Egbuikwem et al., 2020) stand out among
the techniques that aim for the best use of brackish water for
crop cultivation.
Regarding seeding density under saline conditions, the
increase in plant stand is expected to compensate for part of
the biomass loss per unit area. In this sense, Balliu et al. (2021)
studied the production and mineral composition of coriander in
a low-cost hydroponic system and observed an increase of 5.34
g of total fresh phytomass for each 0.5 g of seeds added per cell.
Mixing waters with different electrical conductivity and
increasing water supply may allow the use of brackish waters in
the cultivation of salt-sensitive plant species, such as vegetables
(Yasuor et al., 2020; Balliu et al., 2021).
In this context, this study was conducted aiming to evaluate
the production of bunches of coriander of the cultivar Tabocas
in a hydroponic system, using nutrient solutions prepared with
brackish water.
Material and Methods
The experiment was carried out in a protected environment
at the Experimental Station of the National Institute of Semi-arid
– INSA, a Research Unit of the Ministry of Science, Technology,
and Innovation – MCTI, in the municipality of Campina Grande,
PB, Brazil (7° 16’ 41” S and 35° 57’ 59” W, at an altitude of 560
m). The means of maximum and minimum temperatures during
the experimental period inside the protected environment were
34.56 and 17.85 °C, respectively (Figure 1).
A completely randomized design was used in a 4 ×
3 factorial scheme, with three replicates. The treatments
consisted of four electrical conductivities of nutrient solutions
(ECns) prepared with brackish water (1.49, 3.14, 4.87, and 6.44
dS m−1) and three seeding densities (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g of seeds
per cell).
The brackish water came from a community reservoir of the
Settlement Vitória (7° 21’ S and 36° 0’ W, at an altitude of 551
m), located in the municipality of Campina Grande, PB, Brazil.
It was characterized using the methodologies recommended
by EMBRAPA (2017), with the following attributes: pH = 7.0;
EC = 9.93 dS m−1; K+ = 83.05 mg L−1; Na+ = 5.672 mg L−1; Ca2+
= 220.04 mg L−1; Mg2+ = 86 mg L−1; CO32− = 0.15 cmolc L−1;
and HCO3− = 0.40 cmolc L−1. Rainwater was collected in the
experimental area (EC = 0.015 dS m−1).
Rev. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambiental, v.27, n.9, p.645-652, 2023.
Figure 1. Evolution of the maximum and minimum air
temperature inside the protected environment during the
experimental period
After collecting and storing the brackish water and
rainwater, the mixtures were prepared at the following
proportions of brackish water: 0% – only rainwater and 16.67,
33.33, and 50% of brackish water added to the rainwater, which
implied electrical conductivity values of 0.0015, 1.66, 3.31, and
4.97 dS m−1, respectively.
Calcium nitrate (750 g), potassium nitrate (500 g),
monoammonium phosphate (MAP) (150 g), magnesium
sulfate (400 g), copper (0.150 g), zinc sulfate (0.300 g),
manganese sulfate (1.500 g), boric acid (1.800 g), sodium
molybdate (0.150 g), and Fe-EDTA-13% iron (16 g) were
solubilized in each 1000 L of the respective water to prepare
the nutrient solution according to the fertilizer amounts, as
proposed by Furlani et al. (1999) for leafy vegetables, obtaining
electrical conductivity values of 1.49, 3.14, 4.87, and 6.44 dS
m−1 for the nutrient solution (ECns).
The nutrient solution was prepared only once at the
beginning of the experiment, with no total or partial
replacement of nutrients. It was managed in a closed circuit
of the circulation system. Forty liters of the respective
nutrient solution were applied to the hydroponic channels per
circulation event, and the surplus was returned through hoses
to the specific recipient for each treatment.
The nutrient solution was manually applied to the
hydroponic channels twice a day, at 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. The
nutrient solution volume was replaced in the container due
to the evapotranspiration of plants every seven days, using
the respective water mixture employed in the preparation of
each treatment.
The electrical conductivity (ECns) and pH of the nutrient
solution (pHns) were monitored every two days, from 7 to 35
days after seeding (DAS). No attack of pests or diseases was
observed.
The hydroponic system consisted of 100-mm PVC tubes
with circular holes (cells) of 60 mm in diameter, spaced at 7
cm. Elbows were installed at the end of the tube and a tap was
installed in one of them to provide a 4-cm water depth of nutrient
solution inside the leveled tube. The tubes were laid on a vertical
wooden structure measuring 6.0 × 1.40 × 1.80 m in length, width,
and height, respectively (Santos Júnior et al., 2015).
Seeding was performed in disposable 200-mL plastic cups
with perforations at the bottom and sides filled with coconut
Coriander production under nutrient solution prepared with brackish waters and seeding densities
fiber. The number of seeds sown in each cup varied according
to the treatments. After seeding, each cup was inserted into
the hydroponic system and irrigated with 10 mL rainwater in
the morning and 10 mL in the afternoon until 7 DAS, when
circulation of the nutrient solution started. The production in
each cup was considered a bunch.
Water consumption (WC) of coriander plants was
determined from the sum of weekly replenishments of the
nutrient solution metabolized by plants. Water use efficiency
of the shoot fresh and dry biomass (WUE-SFB and WUE-SDB)
production was calculated at 28 DAS through the relationship
between bunch production and consumed water volume. The
water content in the shoots (WCS) and roots (WCR) was also
determined, according to Benincasa (2003). The shoot biomass
production index (SBPI) was calculated by dividing the shoot
dry mass by the total dry mass and the ratio between root and
shoot biomass (R/S), according to Magalhães (1979).
Shoot fresh (SFM) and dry mass (SDM) and bunch height
(BH) of coriander plants were determined at 28 and 35
DAS. The bunch height was determined immediately before
647
harvesting using a measuring tape. Fresh mass was determined
on a precision scale with a resolution of 0.01 g immediately after
harvesting. Dry mass was obtained by drying the fresh material
in a forced-air circulation oven at 60 °C until constant weight.
Root fresh mass was obtained after taking the roots from the
substrate and placing them on sieves and applying a water jet.
The data were subjected to normality and homoscedasticity
tests (Shapiro-Wilk) and analysis of variance at p ≤ 0.05 using
the statistical software SISVAR (Ferreira, 2019). The results
in cases in which the electrical conductivity of the nutrient
solution (ECns) resulted in a significant effect were analyzed
through regression analysis, while the means of seeding
densities were compared by Tukey’s test.
Results and Discussion
An increase in the electrical conductivity of the nutrient
solution (ECns) was observed throughout the crop cycle and
at the end of the period at all seeding densities, except for
ECns of 1.49 dS m−1 (Figure 2). In this case, in addition to the
Figure 2. Electrical conductivity (EC) (A, B, and C) and pH (D, E, and F) of the nutrient solutions during the coriander cycle
under three seeding densities
Rev. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambiental, v.27, n.9, p.645-652, 2023.
648
José A. Santos Júnior et al.
absorption of nutrients by the plants, the replenishment of
the evapotranspiration water depth with rainwater further
diluted the nutrient solution concentration. In contrast, the
other treatments showed an influence on the continuous
supply of salts due to the completion of the solution volume
with the respective brackish water. The increase in ECns may
be attributed to the higher supply of salts due to the higher
volume of water necessary to restore the solution volume in the
container because of the higher water consumption verified by
the increase in plant density (Figures 2A, B, and C).
The pHns values at all seeding densities up to 28 DAS were
within the range recommended by Furlani et al. (1999), that is,
between 4.5 and 7.5. A trend towards alkalinity was found at
35 DAS, specifically under nutrient solutions with initial ECns
values of 4.87 and 6.44 dS m−1, which can be attributed to the
chemical composition and high salinity of the brackish water
(Figures 2D, E, and F).
The mean water consumption of coriander cv. Tabocas was
reduced with the increase in ECns at 28 DAS. The mean water
consumption was 1.78, 1.80, and 1.99 L per bunch for the
treatments with 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g of seeds per cell, respectively,
when ECns was 1.49 dS m−1, for instance. Considering the
same variation of seed density, the mean water consumption
under ECns = 6.44 dS m−1 was 0.83, 0.92, and 1.20 L per bunch,
respectively (Figure 3), corresponding to a reduction of 53.4,
50.6, and 39.7%, respectively.
Similarly, a reduction in water consumption was observed
in coriander plants at 35 DAS with an increase in ECns. Thus,
Figure 3. Mean water consumption of coriander plants of the
cultivar Tabocas grown in a hydroponic system using nutrient
solutions prepared with brackish water under different seeding
densities at 28 and 35 days after seeding (DAS)
means of 2.95, 2.89, and 2.99 L per bunch were observed under
an ECns of 1.49 dS m−1 when 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g of seeds per
cell were used, respectively. In contrast, water consumption
reached 1.31, 1.47, and 2.01 L per bunch, respectively, under
an ECns of 6.44 dS m−1, corresponding to a decrease of 55.6,
49.1, and 32.8% (Figure 3).
A reduction in water consumption was observed with an
increase in ECns, as verified by Orosco-Alcalá et al. (2021).
Concurrently, an increase in water consumption was also
observed with the increase in seeding density even at the
highest ECns values (Figure 3).
The interaction between EC ns and seeding density
influenced the water use efficiency and the shoot biomass
production index. Water content was affected by both factors,
whereas the root/shoot biomass ratio was not affected by the
interaction or by both factors (Table 1).
The seeding density of 2.0 g of seeds presented a higher
water use efficiency for shoot fresh (33 g L−1) and dry biomass
(2.39 g L−1) production under an ECns = 6.44 dS m−1 (Figures
4A and B). The highest efficiency values for shoot fresh and dry
biomass production were 23.43 and 1.58 g L−1, respectively, for
plants under a seeding density of 1.0 g and ECns = 3.7 dS m−1.
Although water consumption increased with seeding
density, doubling seeding density did not imply two times
increase in water consumption by the plants in all tested
concentrations. The increase in plant density as a strategy to
mitigate mass loss per unit area under salt-stress conditions,
especially under the bias of water use efficiency, has also
been observed for coriander (Ahmadi & Souri, 2018; Vojodi
Mehrabanio et al., 2018; Silva et al., 2022).
Water content in the shoot and root was influenced (p ≤
0.01) by isolated factors, and an estimated reduction of 0.1058
and 0.2129% was observed per unit increase in electrical
conductivity of the nutrient solution, respectively (Figures 4C
and D). The amount of 1.0 and 2.0 g of seeds led to differences
(p ≤ 0.01) in WCS but no effect (p > 0.05) in WCR (Figures 4C
and D). The water content was above 92% in the shoot and 93%
in the roots in all treatments. In general, water content values
above 90% are recommended for leafy vegetables (Scheelbeek
et al., 2020), as already observed for coriander (Eskandari et
al., 2019; Silva et al., 2020b), lettuce (Visconti et al., 2020), and
arugula (Yang et al., 2021).
The maintenance of turgor in plants exposed to salt stress
can be associated with osmotic adjustment due to the storage
of ions in the vacuole and/or low molecular weight organic
Table 1. Water use efficiency for the production of shoot fresh (WUE-SFB) and dry biomass (WUE-SDB), water content in
the shoot (WCS) and root (WCR), shoot biomass production index (SBPI), and root/shoot biomass ratio (R/S) at 28 days after
seeding of coriander plants of the cultivar Tabocas under brackish nutrient solutions and different seeding densities
ECns – Electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution; CV – Coefficient of variation; DF – Degrees of freedom; ns – Not significant; * and ** – Significant at p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01,
respectively, by the F-test
Rev. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambiental, v.27, n.9, p.645-652, 2023.
Coriander production under nutrient solution prepared with brackish waters and seeding densities
649
Vertical bars represent the standard error of the mean (n = 3); ns – Not significant by the F-test; ** and * – Significant at p ≤ 0.01 and p ≤ 0.05, respectively, by the F-test; Means followed
by the same letters indicate no significant difference between treatments by Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05) for seeding densities at the same electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution
Figure 4. Water use efficiency in the shoot fresh (A) and dry biomass (B) production, water content in the shoot (C) and roots
(D), and shoot biomass production index (E) of coriander plants of the cultivar Tabocas under nutrient solutions prepared with
brackish water and seeding densities at 28 days after seeding (DAS)
solutes in the cytoplasm (Maaloul et al., 2021) and the control
of the uptake of ions through the roots and their transport to
the leaves (Guo et al., 2020).
The monitoring of ECns means within each planting density
showed a significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) for the proportion of
shoot dry biomass relative to plant dry biomass only at the
seeding density of 2.0 g, with a decrease of 1.81% per unit
increment of ECns. Mean values of 0.840 and 0.816 were found
for seeding densities of 1.0 and 1.5 g per cell, respectively
(Figure 4E). Seeding densities of 1.0 and 2.0 g of seeds provided
better results under ECns of 1.49 and 3.14 dS m−1. However,
increasing density for higher ECns did not affect the shoot
biomass production index (Figure 4E).
The interaction between EC ns and seeding density
influenced (p ≤ 0.01) shoot fresh (SFM) and dry mass (SDM)
and ECns affected the bunch height (BH) at 28 and 35 DAS
(Table 2).
The monitoring analysis of the interaction showed that SFM
was not influenced (p > 0.05) by the increase in ECns at 28 and 35
DAS when the density of 2.0 g of seeds was used (Figures 5A and
B). The use of 1.5 g of seeds provided a maximum SFM of 40.0991
g per bunch at 28 DAS, with an estimated ECns of 2.39 dS m−1,
while a maximum SFM of 57.23 g per bunch was reached at 35
DAS, with an estimated ECns of 2.77 dS m−1. SFM was maximum
(36.8188 and 46.0693 g per bunch) when using 1.0 g of seeds
Rev. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambiental, v.27, n.9, p.645-652, 2023.
650
José A. Santos Júnior et al.
Table 2. Shoot fresh (SFM) and dry mass (SDM) and bunch height (BH) of coriander cv. Tabocas under nutrient solutions
prepared with brackish waters and seeding densities at 28 and 35 days after seeding (DAS)
ECns – Electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution; CV – Coefficient of variation; DF – Degrees of freedom; ns – Not significant; * and ** – Significant at p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01,
respectively, by the F-test
Vertical bars represent the standard error of the mean (n = 3). ns – Not significant by the F-test; * and ** – Significant at p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01, respectively, by the F-test; Means followed
by the same letters indicate no significant difference between treatments by Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05) for seeding densities at the same electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution
Figure 5. Shoot fresh (SFM, A and B) and dry mass (SDM, C and D) and bunch height (BH, E and F) of coriander cv. Tabocas
under nutrient solutions prepared with brackish waters and different seeding densities at 28 and 35 days after seeding (DAS)
for estimated ECns values of 1.38 and 0.89 dS m−1 at 28 and 35
DAS, respectively. On the other hand, the analysis of seeding
Rev. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambiental, v.27, n.9, p.645-652, 2023.
densities at all ECns levels showed no significant difference (p >
0.05) for SFM at 28 and 35 DAS (Figures 5A and B).
Coriander production under nutrient solution prepared with brackish waters and seeding densities
However, ECns showed an increase from 2.98 to 4.74 dS m−1
at 28 and 35 DAS, respectively (Figures 5A and B).
The reduction in SFM under salt stress has also been
recorded for many leafy vegetable crops such as coriander
(Silva et al., 2020b) and lettuce (Visconti et al., 2020). However,
Abdelaal et al. (2020) conducted a study with peppers and
observed that the increase in plant density under salt stress
conditions is a compensation strategy for loss of mass per area
due to the salinity effect.
The use of 2.0 g of seeds per cell had no effect (p > 0.05) on
SDM (Figures 5C and D) within the studied ECns range at 28 and
35 DAS, with means of 2.50 and 3.51 g per bunch, respectively.
However, maximum values of 2.8738 and 4.9916 g per bunch were
verified with 1.5 g of seeds per cell at 28 and 35 DAS, respectively,
for estimated ECns values of 2.66 and 1.80 dS m−1. Still within
the proposed ECns range, SDM was maximum (2.4681 g per
bunch) and minimum (2.4222 g per bunch) at 28 and 35 DAS,
respectively, for estimated ECns values of 1.22 and 9.13 dS m−1
(Figures 5C and D). On the other hand, no significant difference
(p > 0.05) was observed for SDM at 28 and 35 DAS when
analyzing the densities within each ECns (Figures 5C and D).
The increase in plant density in studies carried out with
coriander cv. Verdão (Silva et al., 2020a) and Tabocas (Silva et
al., 2020b) under saline stress influenced the shoot dry mass
when using 15.0 cm spacing between cells, with no significant
difference (p > 0.05) when different seed masses per cell (109
to 220 seeds) were used for seeding.
A reduction of 1.676 and 1.6044 cm was verified in the
bunch height with a unit increase in ECns at 28 and 35 DAS,
respectively (Figures 5E and F). Silva et al. (2020a) also found
a higher reduction (2.198 cm) at 28 DAS with a unit increase
in ECns when exposing coriander plants of the cultivar Verdão
to salinity. The increase in ECns may imply a reduction in cell
expansion as a result of changes in cell turgor due to a reduction
of protein synthesis imposed by salt stress (Zhao et al., 2020),
resulting in a decrease in plant growth (Mokrani et al., 2020).
Conclusions
1. A seeding density of 2.0 g of seeds at the highest value
of electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution (6.44 dS
m−1) mitigated the deleterious effect of salinity on water use
efficiency for shoot fresh and dry biomass production of
coriander plants in a hydroponic cultivation system.
2. Shoot fresh and dry mass production under a density of
2.0 g of seeds per cell was not sensitive to an increase in ECns,
contrary to what occurs at lower densities.
3. Increasing seeding density did not lead to a reduction in
bunch height up to the electrical conductivity of the nutrient
solution of 6.44 dS m−1 although it reduced the root-shoot ratio.
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