Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 2019; 7(2): 106-116 ISSN (E): 2320-3862 ISSN (P): 2394-0530 NAAS Rating: 3.53 JMPS 2019; 7(2): 106-116 © 2019 JMPS Received: 11-01-2019 Accepted: 13-02-2019 Tripuresh Dwivedi a) Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India b) Department of Applied Medicinal Plants’ Sciences, Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India Chandra Kanta a) Department of Botany, Doon (PG.) College of Agriculture, Sciences and Technology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India b) Department of Biological Sciences, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G B P U A & T, Pantnagar, U S Nagar, Uttarakhand, India Lalit Raj Singh Department of Applied Medicinal Plants’ Sciences, Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India Ishwar Prakash Sharma a) Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India b) Department of Biological Sciences, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G B P U A & T, Pantnagar, U S Nagar, Uttarakhand, India Correspondence Ishwar Prakash Sharma a) Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India b) Department of Biological Sciences, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G B P U A & T, Pantnagar, U S Nagar, Uttarakhand, India A list of some important medicinal plants with their medicinal uses from Himalayan State Uttarakhand, India Tripuresh Dwivedi, Chandra Kanta, Lalit Raj Singh and Ishwar Prakash Sharma Abstract Himalayan range has a rich heritage of knowledge on plant based therapy. Medicinal plants play major role in the livelihood from all over the world. Uttarakhand, a Himalayan state of India also depends on the medicinal plants for medicine and traditional therapy. The people from this state use plants for their primary health care system mainly depend on traditional knowledge of medical practices and medicinal herbs. Many of the previous studies on traditional medicine as scientific outputs having traditional claims of effectiveness which are helpful to manage various ailments. In this regards many native medicinal plants listed in article are significantly utilized by the locals, which was need to document. In this scenario we try to document some medicinal plants with their medicinal properties from this state. Keywords: medicinal plants, traditional knowledge, tribal, Uttarakhand Introduction According to floral statistics of India 2017 hosted by Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal, a total of 2,68,600 flowering plants worldwide among them 18,386 (6.84% of world) exited in India. In India, approximately 3000 plants species are known to have their medicinal properties [1], in another reports a total of 2500 plants are of traditional medicine among them 100 plants used regularly [2]. Traditional medical knowledge of plants not only useful for conservation of biodiversity but also useful to healthcare and drug development. Himalaya is a global biodiversity hotspot with much diversified geographical, ecological and evolutionary factors for species diversity which support 18,440 species of plants of which 25.3% is of endemic [3, 4]. The Indian state Uttarakhand located in Himalayan hotspot having a huge wild diversity which occupies 17.3% of India’s total land area including 92.57% area under hills and 7.43% under plains. Geographically it is located between 28 o43'–31o27'N latitudes and 77o34'–81o02'E longitudes. In the border, river Tons separates it from Himachal Pradesh in the north-west, river Kali separates it from Nepal in the east and greater Himalaya is the northern boundary of the state and also the international border with China. About 1748 economically important plants reported from Himalaya [4]. The people community mainly Bokshas, Tharus, Bhotias, Van-gujjars, Marchchas, Tolchas, Jaunsaris, Koltas, Gangwal, Banw-rauat, etc. are generally dependent on the wild flora for their own traditional system of therapy [2, 5]. Joshi et al. [6] reported a total of 102 plant species from 48 families are of their ethno-medicinal uses from the four district of the state namely Almora, Champawat, Bageshwar and Pithoragarh. Adhikari et al. [7] examined the status and distribution pattern of medicinal plants in Wildlife Institute of Dehradun, Uttarakhand and recorded 605 plants from 94 families. This article based on previous studies on medicinal plants of Uttarakhand on this basis authors focused on some important highlights of native medicinal plants which need to conservation and cultivation because these plants are naturally grown in abundance and fast depleting can help the natives to earn their livelihood to some extent. For future perspectives this study, will be helpful to pharmacologist, phytochemist and researcher of this field. Therefore, this study is aimed to manuscript and underlines the importance of traditional knowledge used for the treatment of different diseases in the Himalayan state Uttarakhand, India. ~ 106 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Table 1: A list of selected medicinal plants with their ethno-medicinal uses from Uttarakhand, India Botanical Name (Family) Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. Malvaceae Acorus calamus L. (Acoraceae) Adenostemma lavenia (L.) Kuntze Asteraceae Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa (Rutaceae) Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Cambess.) Hook. (Sapindaceae) Ageratum conyzoides L. Asteraceae Allium cepa L. (Amaryllidaceae) Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik. Rosaceae Anaphalis triplinervis Sims ex C.B. Clarke (Asteracese) Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze Lamiaceae Asparagus curillus Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb. (Asparagaceae) Asparagus racemosus Willd. (Asparagaceae) Berberis aristata DC. (Berberidaceae) Berberis chitria Buch.Ham. ex Lindl. (Berberidaceae) Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. (Saxifragaceae) Boenninghausenia albiflora (Hook.) Rchb. ex Meisn. (Rutaceae) Boerhavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae) Bombax ceiba L. (Malvaceae) Boswellia serrata Roxb. (Burseraceae) Buchanania cochinchinensis (Lour.) M.R. Almeida (Anacardiacea) Butea monosperma (Lam.). Kuntze Fabaceae Byttneria herbacea Roxb. (Malvaceae) Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars (Fabaceae) Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. (Lamiaceae) Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T. Aiton (Apocynaceae) Local name Parts used Ethno-medicinal Uses Jangali bhindi Root, Seed Baj Root Jangli-jira Flower, Leaf Fresh roots with young plant of Bombax ceiba used in the treatment of leucorrhea in female and sexual impotency in male [2]. Seeds are diuretic, aphrodisiac, ophthalmic, cardiotonic, digestive, stomachic, constipating, carminative, stimulant, antispasmodic, cardiac debility, cough, asthma, bronchitis, hyperdipsia, burning sensation, nausea, dyspepsia, flatulent colic, diarrhea, strangury, gonorrhea, spermatorrhea, calculi, halitosis, ptyalism, vomiting and other neural disorders, leukoderma, and general debility [8, 9]. [10] Headache ; Anti-bacterial, anti-helmintic [11]; Fever, asthma, bronchitis, cough, digestive problems (gas, bloating, colic) [12]. Flowers used for increasing saliva so useful in treatment of mouth dryness [2]. Leaves paste use in wound healing [13]. Bel Fruit, Root Astringent, antidiarrheal, antidysentric, demulcent, antipyretic, laxative [10, 14, 15]. Panker Fruit Rheumatism (warm paste applies on affected part) [10, 16]. Goatweed Leaf Pyaj Bulb Leaves paste is very useful in wound healing [2], treatment of leprosy, diarrhea, dysentery, intestinal colic, rheumatism, fever [17]. Roasted warm bulb is eaten in abdominal pain and skin diseases [10] and also used in malaria, diarrhea, wounds with antimicrobial, antioxidant properties [18]. Indian wild pear Fruit The juice of the ripe fruit is used in the treatment of diarrhea [19, 20]. Bakal Leaf Used in wounds and skin diseases [10] important in flu, fever, nausea and eye infections [21]. Catmint Leaf Fresh leaves as well as greenish parts contain volatile oil used in treatment of cough and cold [2], chronic rheumatism, psoriasis, snake bites [22]. Safed Musli Root Root powder is administered as sexual tonic [10] along with dysuria, diabetes and dysentery [23]. Satawari kairua, Katerwali vel Root, Rhizome Kambal Root Kilmorha Root Root extract is very useful in higher fever, jaundice, diabetes, stomach disorders, rheumatism, eye, ear and skin disease [10, 29]. Root Root powder is very useful in kidney stones and ulcers [10, 28, 30]. Sirparha Pissumar Whole plant Punarnava Root Saimul Leaf, Root Sallai Bark Root powder administered orally as aphrodisiac [10]; also used in stomachache, urinary disorders, Nervous disorders, inflammation, liver diseases, infectious diseases [24, 25], ulcers, cancer [26]. Root extract used in eye diseases, diarrhea, jaundice, skin diseases, syphilis, chronic rheumatism, urinary disorders [10, 27], diabetes, jaundice and Gastro intestinal problem [28]. External application of whole plant juice cure headache and eyes pain [10]; also shows various effects as hepatoprotective, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating [31]. Juice of fresh roots is used as eye drops [10]; very useful tonic to liver problem, jaundice, asthma with antimicrobial activity [32, 33]. Leaves paste applies over wounds with good property of pain killer and improve gynecological disorders [10, 34]. The formulation of root with leaves of Dalbergia sissoo is used in sexual impotency [2]. Hot decoction of bark used in wound [10], chronic inflammatory diseases [35]; diarrhea [36]. Leaf Very effective in dental pain when gargle the juice twice daily [10]; asthma [37]; cancer [38]. Dhak, Palash Flower, Gum The flower extract with water useful in gastritis [2]. Gum from bark known as Bengal Kino useful in treatment of ulcer, diarrhea, antioxidative, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective and anti-cancer activities [39]. Kamraj Root Root paste used in fever and leucorrhoea [10]. Chowkhara Leaf Crushed or rubbed leaves applied in throat disease, chewed in tonsillitis [10]; Heptoprotective and immense medicinal potential [40, 41]. Fruit Very helpful in urinary disorders, skin problem, diarrhea, defecation and hair care (10, 42, 43]. Leaf Warmed fresh leaves used in wound, toothache, earache, epilepsy, diarrhea and mental disorders [10, 44]. Achar Daya Aak ~ 107 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Carissa spinarum L. (Apocynaceae) Celastrus paniculatus Willd. (Celastraceae) Cleome viscosa L. (Cleomaceae) Commelina benghalensis L. Commelinaceae Commelina paludosa Blume Commelinaceae Cordia myxa L. Boraginaceae Corylus colurna L. (Betulaceae) Cydonia oblonga Mill. (Rosaceae) Datura metel L. (Solanaceae) Datura stramonium L. (Solanaceae) Karunda Malkangani Root Fruit, Seed Kumkum Leaf Kanchara Leaf Paste of leaves used for curing swelling as honeybee biting [2]. Kankowa Whole plant Decoction of plants with water used in treatment of sexual impotency [2]. Lasura Fruit Fruit are very useful in common cold and cough [2]. Bhotia badam Nut Direct use of nut or its tonic use as diuretic, aphrodisiac [50]. Bihi Leaf, Seed Dhatur Leaf Dhatura Flower Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees (Acanthaceae) Soriul Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jessop (Asparagaceae) Banpyaja Euonymus tingens Wall. (Celastraceae) Kusum Whole plant Ficus auriculata Lour. (Moraceae) Timil Whole plant Ficus auriculata Lour. Moraceae Timul, Timil Whole plant Ficus benghalensis L. Moraceae Bargad Fruit, Bark Ficus palmata Forssk. (Moraceae) Bedu Friut Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet (Geraniaceae) Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. Rutaceae Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R.Br. Proteaceae Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm. (Apocynaceae) Gymnosporia spinosa (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe (Celastraceae) Hedychium spicatum Sm. (Zingiberaceae) Helicteres isora L. (Malvaceae) Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don Used in rheumatism, having strong purgative property so used as one of the ingredients in some purgative preparations [20, 45]. Boiled solution of fruits and seeds with oil use in piles, gout, rheumatism, cold, dysentry, diarrhoea, leprosy, snake bite, wound, anti-spasmodic, carminative and antihelmintic properties and also used for treatment of epilepsy, mental ailments, chronic diarrhea, dysentery, bronchial catarrh, intermittent fevers and tumors [46]; pneumonia [47]; leucorrhoea [48]. Leave’s juice very useful to ear diseases [10]; anthelmintic, antiseptic, carminative, antiscorbutic, sudorific, febrifuge, and cardiac problems [49]. Laljari Seed, Leaf Bulb Leaves having phenolic compounds as antioxidants properties, Vit-E, carotenoids, L-ascorbic acid and other organic acids [51, 52]; in folk medicine for their sedative, antipyretic, anti-diarrheic and antitussive properties along with treatment of various skin diseases [53, 54]. Seeds used in diarrhea, dysentery, cough, sore throat and bronchitis [55], intestinal colic and constipation [56] and also used for allergic rhinitis and asthma [20, 57]. Boil and warm leaves used in affected part for antibiotics, antibacterial, antimicrobial activity [10, 58]. Flower’s juice used in earache [10] having analgesic and antiasthmatic activities [59]. Decoction of seeds and leaves with water very useful in dysentery [10]; respiratory and urinary tract infections, digestive disorders, sexual problems, skin diseases, liver ailments, wound healing, blood vomiting, malaria, piles, epilepsy, jaundice, gummosis, round worms, hepatitis [60]. Juice of bulb is used in cough, bronchitis, nematode infection, pyrexia [10] dropsy, respiratory ailment, bone and joint complications, skin disorders, epilepsy and cancer [61]. The powder mixture of 10gm with opium seeds (10gm), almond (5gm), kali mirch (5gm) and bansh mishri (10gm) used orally in kidney stone and eye diseases [10, 62]. Gastrointestinal problems treated by using 50-100ml fresh leaves juice when used regularly upto 10 days [63]. Bark and root show hypoglycemic and anthelmintic activity [64, 65]. Fruit extracts exhibits anti-tumour activity [20, 66]. Gastrointestinal problems treated by using 50-100 ml fresh juice of leaves with water for about 10 days [63]. Bark and root show hypoglycaemic and anthelmintic activity [64, 65]. The extract inhibits insulinase activity from liver and kidney. Fruit extracts exhibits anti-tumour activity [66]. Leaves exhibit hypotensive activity [20, 67]. The milky latex of fruit with sugar used in treatment of sexual impotency [2]. Leaf, fruit, bark are useful in central nervous system, endocrine system, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive system, respiratory system and infectious disorders [68]. Fruits are beneficial in lung and bladder diseases. Along with these are good source of minerals, phosphorus and a small amount of Vit. C [69]; the latex is useful in wound healing [28]. Root Root extract useful in backache, gout, bone strengthening, hepatitis, liver problems, premature delivery [30, 70]. Ban Nimbu Seed Seeds of plant used in curing of vomiting [2]. Silver Oak Leaf Paste of fresh leaves with vegetable ghee and coconut oil very useful in burning and burning sensation [2]. Aphe Leaf Vaikal Leaf Kapurkachari Atanda Dhodhi Root Root Latex Boiled leaves with til-oil when applied externally 3-4 drops twice per day used for eyes to reduce pain. Direct use of milky juice from crushed fresh leaves when applied once daily for 3 day also helpful in eye problems [10] along with antidiabetic properties [71]. Paste of leaves useful in Bala-shosha (a condition in which child is emaciated) when applied and rubbed on back [10]. Root powder is very useful in neuro muscular disorders and body pain along with anticancerous and antimicrobial activities [10, 72]. Orally use of crushed roots used in excessive appetite, empema and stomachic [10, 73]; having antioxidant and anticancer properties [74]. Useful in ring worm when latex applied on affected part [10] also useful in constipation, colic, and diarrhea [75]. ~ 108 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies (Apocynaceae) Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. (Araliaceae) Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine (Acanthaceae) Hypericum japonicum Thunb. (Hypericaceae) Jacobaea nudicaulis (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) B.Nord. (Asteraceae) Juniperus communis L. (Cupressaceae) Justicia adhatoda L. (Acanthaceae) Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (Crassulaceae) Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet (Fabaceae) Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. (Anacardiaceae) Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. (Lamiaceae) Lilium polyphyllum D.Don (Liliaceae) Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Lauraceae Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) Mentha longifolia (L.) L. (Lamiaceae) Micromeria biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Benth. (Lamiaceae) Mimosa rubicaulis Lam. (Fabaceae) Morella esculenta (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) I.M.Turner (Myricaceae) Morina longifolia Wall. ex DC. (Caprifoliaceae) Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. (Oleaceae) Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae) Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae) Phyllanthus emblica L. (Phyllanthaceae) Piper longum L. (Piperaceae) Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) Pleurolobus gangeticus (L.) J.St.-Hil. (Fabaceae) Plumbago zeylanica L. (Plumbaginaceae) Brahmni Leaf Leaf juice is administered orally in Manasdaurbalya (mental disorder) [10]; also used in various problems as dysentry, diarrhoea, piles, rheumatism, digestive, diuretic, vermifuge, menstrual problem [76]. Root is used for rheumatism, inflammation, jaundice, hepatic obstruction, pain [77]; whole plant extract used in treatment of urinary infection, gout, hepatic obstruction and as a diuretic [78]. Talmakhana Seed Chhingewali Whole plant Plant powder is used as snuff for nose disease [10]; along with hepatoprotective activity, protecting liver injury and hepatotoxicity [79]. Nil kanthi, Ratpatia Whole plant Plant juice applied in eye diseases, wound, fever and some skin diseases [10, 62]. Hapusha Green wood Leaf, Flower Excessive appetite and smoke of green wood is used in tuberculosis and respiratory disease [10, 80]; along with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities [81]. Juice of leaves and flowers used in cough, fever, coryza, respiratory problems [10, 82, 83]. Sanjwanboata Leaf Paste of leaves is used over wounds for healing [10]. Chimi Whole plant Fresh juice is dropped in earache [10] and used as antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, cytotoxic, hypolipidemic, antimicrobial, insecticidal, hepatoprotective, antilithiatic, antispasmodic [84]. Gunjhinganj Bark Paste of bark is applied on cuts to stop bleeding and wound healing [10]; while juice use in jaundice and liver pain [85, 86]. Guma Whole plant Orally use of whole plant used in fever and decoction [10]; Asthma, cough [87]. Bhasma Kakoli Maida Dekrain Root Bark Root Tonic and decoction of root used as refrigerant, galactagogue, expectorant, aphrodisiac, diuretic, antipyretic and tonic [8, 88]. The bark is used to relieve pain, arouse sexual power, produce a soothing effect on the body and arrest bleeding. Bark paste is applied to bind fractured limbs [2, 89]. Paste of root is applied in headache [10]; it has also various activities as anthelmintic, antilithic diuretic, astringent, stomachic, anticancer, antimalarial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory activities [90]. Juice or powder of leaves uses in common fever, coryza, rheumatism, dysentery, Dyspepsia [10, 91]. Pipermint Leaf Masipatha Whole plant Whole plant is administered orally with milk to control fever, Sciatica, arthritis, skin disease [10, 92]. Leaf Leaf paste used in skin disease when applied directly on affected part [10]; along with various other problems as bronchitis, cholera, cough, dyspepsia, fever, jaundice, smallpox, syphilis and tuberculosis [55]. Kafal, Kaphal Fruit, Bark Specified decoctions of fruit, stone and bark are claimed to be beneficial in cardiac debility, edema and hemoptysis; wax from fruit covering used for ulcer healing [9396]; along with anti-inflammatory activity and anti tumour activities [97]. Vishkanya Whole plant Siyari Leaf Shikanta Vantulsi Chilmora, Salmosi Whole plant Whole plant Amla Whole plant Pippali Fruit Isabgol Seed Salparni Leaf Chitavar Root, Fruit Oral administration of plant use for wound healing along with various activities as antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antiulcer, hypoglycemic and hypotensive [10, 98]. Juice of leaves is applied on affected part to cure skin diseases [10]; along with immunotoxic, antiallergic, antihistaminic, purgative, antibacterial and cytotoxicity, antipyretic and ulerogenic, anti -Inflammatory activity [99]. Urinary disorder can be cure by oral decoction of whole plant [10]; various activities as antifungal [100] and anti-hyperglycemic activity [101] also reported. Juice of plant is used to cure various eye diseases such as motiabinda [10]; along with it used in bacterial diseases, dysentery, diarrhea, skin disease [102]. Fruit are rich in polyphenols, minerals and regarded as one of the richest source of Vit. C [103]. Therapeutically it has energy refilling potential, aperient, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral activities [104], along with gonorrhea, analgesic and skin fairness [93] and to stop nausea and vomiting, antitumour and hepatoprotective activity [20, 104]. Powder of fruits is administered orally to cure cough, respiratory tract bronchitis, asthma, analgesic, muscular pains, inflammation, hematinic, carminative [10, 105]. Seed powder is useful in dysentery, wound healing, anti-inflammation, analgesic, antioxidant, antiulcer genic activity [10, 106]. Paste of fresh leaves is applied on affected part for wound healing and used for toothache, chest pains, fungal infections [10, 107]. Paste of root and fruit is applied on affected part for wound healing [10] and also having anti-atherogenic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective ~ 109 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies properties [108]; very useful to rheumatic pain, dysmenorrhea, carbuncles, contusion of the extremities, ulcers and elimination of intestinal parasites [109]. Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle (Asparagaceae) Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. (Asparagaceae) Mahameda Root Tonic and root powder is administered orally as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antimalarial [10, 110]. Meda Rhizome Tonic and powder of rhizomes is administered orally as aphrodisiac, emollient, cardio tonic, carminative, sialagogue, stimulant [10, 111]. Prunus armeniaca L. (Rosaceae) Khubani Fruit Punica granatum L. (Lythraceae) Dadim Fruit Pyracantha crenulata (D.Don) M.Roem. (Rosaceae) Ghigharu Fruit, Bark Ribes nigrum L. (Grossulariaceae) Blackcurrant Leaf Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae) Ein Leaf Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae) Dog Rose Leaf, Fruit Rosa moschata Herrm. (Rosaceae) Kunja Leaf Roylea cinerea (D.Don) Baill. (Fabaceae) Kaural Leaf Rubus ellipticus Sm. (Rosaceae) Lalanchu Fruit Rumex hastatus D. Don (Polygonaceae) Amloraha Root, Leaf The fruit having high in carotene and Vit. C, provides a valuable source of food. The amygdalin a chemical extracted from apricot kernels used as an alternative treatment for cancer [112] along with having antioxidant and antimicrobial properties [113]. Fruit is very useful to worm infestation with antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancerous activities [10, 114]. Fruits used as preservative. Medicinally it has cardio-tonic, coronary vasodilator and hypertensive properties and used in cardiac failure, myocardial weakness, paroxysmal tachycardia, hypertension, arteriosclerosis and Burgor’s disease. Rejuvenation property, reduce joint pains. The bark used in heavy bleeding during menstrual cycles, malarial fever [20, 115, 116). The extracted oil and juice useful as an antioxidant source and in treating rheumatoid arthritis and night and fatigue-related visual impairment, antimicrobial and anticancer [20, 117, 118]. Warm fresh leaves are smeared and applied on affected part for wound healing with antimicrobial, toxicological and anti-inflammatory activity [10, 119]. The plant has high antioxidants and vit-C level, used to make syrup, tea and marmalade. The fruits have been used internally as tea for treatment of viral infections and disorders of the kidneys and urinary tract [20, 120, 121). Leaves juice is used as nasal drops to control hemorrhage [10]; useful to control stomach disorder [122, 123]. Fresh leaves juice is useful in diabetes, mouth discases and throat diseases [10]; including antioxidant and antimicrobial activities [124] to provide strength to liver and protect skin from infection [125]. It has good antioxidant properties to providing free energy for the people who are travelling mountains [19, 126]. Uses in decoction when administered orally for skin diseases, leaf juice is good for abdominal colic [10] including Antioxidant and anticholinesterase [127] and antituberculosis properties [128]. Juice or powder of leaves is useful in abdominal colic and skin diseases [10] with wound healing and anti-allergic properties [28]. Rumex nepalensis Spreng. (Polygonaceae) Rumex vesicarius L. (Polygonaceae) Satyrium nepalense D.Don (Orchidaceae) Sida cordifolia L. (Malvaceae) Smilax aspera L. (Smilacaceae) Jangali palak Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal (Solanaceae) Chitrika Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Black Nightshade Solanum violaceum Ortega (Solanaceae) Brahati Solena heterophylla Lour. (Cucurbitaceae) Gulakhari Tuber Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H.Karst. (Gentianaceae) Chirata Whole plant Jamun Bark Arjun Bark Van Ajwain Leaf Leaves used as spice to control dyspepsia [10]. Singhara Nut Nuts are very useful in diarrhea, dysentery, cardiac diseases, blood pressure with having antimicrobial, cytotoxic activities [145]. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Myrtaceae Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. Combretaceae Thymus serpyllum L. (Lamiaceae) Trapa natans var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Makino (Lythraceae) Leaf Chalmora Leaf Mishri Root Denusha Root, Bark Kukundara Root Leaf, Root Whole plant Fruit Leaves are good source of antioxidants with good antibacterial properties [129, 130]. Energetic tonic from roots cure various fever including antibacterial, antipneumonia properties [131]. Tonic of stem bark and root powder is given in general debility as stomatitis, blenorrhea, asthmatic bronchitis, nasal congestion [132]. Paste of root is given orally with water to control diarrhea [10, 133]. Seven leaves are to be placed on the head during sleeping and this process is to be continued for three nights to control fever and decoction of root is administered orally [10]. It has expectorant, analgesic, sedative, diaphoretic properties. Its external application cures skin diseases and gives relief in burns, itching, pain etc. Leaves juice used in earache [20, 134-138]. Four ripe fruits are taken orally at a time to control cough [10] along with various properties such as hypertension, poisonous, insect bites [139]. Tubers are eaten as vegetables to control hiccough, asthma, nausea and incisions; useful to control malaria, diabetes, toothache and various disorders as gastrointestinal, respiratory and vascular disorders [140]. Decoction of whole plant is administered orally to control fever, skin disease, dyspepsia, diarrhea with antipyretic, antifungal, hypoglycemic properties [44, 141, 168]. [2] Bark extract useful diabetes , sore throat, bronchitis, asthma, thirst, biliousness, dysentery and ulcers [142]. Bark is very useful to treatment of pneumonia [2], fractures, ulcers, hepatic and shows hypocholesterolemic, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antitumoral, antioxidant, antiallergic and antifeedant, antifertility and anti-HIV activities [143, 144]. ~ 110 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae) Urtica ardens Link (Urticaceae) Bara Mamas Whole plant Shishuna Leaf Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb. Fabaceae Babul Whole plant Verbascum thapsus L. (Scrophulariaceae) Kalber Leaf Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper (Fabaceae) Urad dal Vitex negundo L. (Lamiaceae) Nirgundi Vitis vulpina L. (Vitaceae) Jungle Angoor Leaf Fruit Zanthoxylum armatum DC. (Rutaceae) Timur Leaf Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (Ramanaceae) Ber Whole plant Fruit Leaf Tonic and paste of whole plant is administered orally with milk to control urinary problems and sexual transmitted diseases [146]. Leaves are useful in bone fracturing, cough, cold, digestive problems, fever, headache, skin infection [147]. Leaves have chemoprventive, anitmutagenic, anti-bacterial, anticancer, astringent, anti-microbial, anti-ulcers, anti-inflammatory activities [148, 149]. The roots are used in cancers, tuberculosis and indurations of liver and spleen [48]. Bark is very useful as antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, cytotoxic, astringent, acrid cooling, styptic, emollient, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, diuretic, expectorant, emetic, nutritive, in hemorrhage, wound ulcers, leprosy, leucoderma, small pox, skin diseases, biliousness, burning sensation, toothache, leucoderma, dysentery and seminal weakness [48,150-155]. Boiled leaves are applied over inflamed parts to cure headache, inflammatory diseases [10]; also used to control asthma, spasmodic coughs, diarrhea, Pulmonary problems [156]. Paste of fruits applied over fractured bone to join [10]; also helpful to control urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases [85, 157]. A syrup of leaves with rice and water given orally to treat gonorrhea [10] along with anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antioxidant, bronchial relaxant, hepatoprotective properties [158]. Unripe grapes used for treating sore throats; raisins useful to control tuberculosis while ripe grapes used for the tratment of cancer, cholera, smallpox, nausea, skin & eye infections, kidney & liver diseases [20, 159-161]. Regular use of leaves’ Pakora up to 3-4 days very useful to control allergy with carminative, stomachic, anthelmintic activities [10, 162]. Delicious fruits used to increase weight, stamina, improves muscular and liver strength along with diuretic, emollient and expectorant properties. Dried fruits useful as anticancer, pectoral, refrigerant, sedative, stomachache, blood purifier. Seeds are used internally in the treatment of palpitations, insomnia, nervous exhaustion, night sweats and excessive perspiration A decoction of the root has been used in the treatment of fever, wound and ulcer treatment. The leaves are applied in liver troubles, asthma and fever [20, 163]. Medicinal plants with their herbal uses A total of 111 medicinal plants from the Himalayan Indian state of Uttarakhand have been listed in table with their medicinal properties. All botanical information of these plants evaluated and confirm from the Plants of the World Online database site. 5. 6. Conclusion Medicinal plants are the natural health care to the people. Their primary cure of diseases is based upon deep observation of nature and their understanding of traditional knowledge of medical practices. Local people of Uttarakhand heavily use these traditionally easily available medicinal plants for health which are less expensive without side effects. The plants now a days going to extinct due to development activities, population explosion, impact of tourism, deforestation, etc. which need to conserve for biodiversity, natural and local aspect. 7. References 1. Prakasha HM, Krishnappa M, Krishnamurthy YL, Poornima SV. Folk medicine of NR PuraTaluk in Chikamaglur district of Karnataka. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2010; 9(1):55-60. 2. Joshi B, Pant SC. Ethnobotanical study of some common plants used among the tribal communities of Kashipur, Uttarakhand. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources. 2012; 3(2):262-266. 3. Singh DK, Hajra PK. Floristic diversity. 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