Phytoconstituents from Sidastrum micranthum (A. St.-Hil.) Fryxell
(Malvaceae) and antimicrobial activity of pheophytin a
Roosevelt Albuquerque Gomes1, Yanna Carolina Ferreira Teles1, Fillipe de Oliveira Pereira1,
Luis Alberto de Sousa Rodrigues1, Edeltrudes de Oliveira Lima1, Maria de Fátima Agra2,
Maria de Fátima Vanderlei de Souza1,*
1
Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil, 2Biotechnology Center, Federal University of
Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
Sidastrum micranthum (A. St.-Hil.) Fryxell, a member of the Malvaceae family, is called malva preta in
Brazil. As this species is commonly used to treat bronchitis, cough, and asthma, better knowledge of its
chemical compounds is important. The phytochemical study of its hexane extract, using chromatographic
techniques, led to isolation of six compounds: the triterpene isoarborinol, a mixture of sitosterol and
stigmasterol, sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, pheophytin a, and 132-hydroxy-(132-S)-pheophytin
a. Structural identification of these compounds was carried out using spectroscopic methods such as
IR and 1D and 2D NMR (HOMOCOSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY). Compounds isolated from S.
micranthum were screened for their in vitro antifungal and antibacterial activity against twenty fungal and
bacterial standard strains. Pheophytin a exhibited antimicrobial action against all microorganisms tested.
Uniterms: Malvaceae/phytochemistry. Sidastrum micranthum/phytochemistry. Sidastrum micranthum/
antimicrobial activity/in vitro study. Pheophytins. Medicinal plants.
Sidastrum micranthum (A. St.-Hil.) Fryxell, pertencente à família Malvaceae, é conhecida no Brasil
como “malva preta”. A espécie é popularmente usada contra bronquite, tosse e asma, mostrando a
relevância de conhecer melhor sua composição química. O estudo fitoquímico do extrato hexânico da
espécie, utilizando técnicas cromatográficas, conduziu ao isolamento de seis compostos: o triterpeno
isoarborinol, mistura de sitosterol e estigmasterol, sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glicopiranosídeo, feofitina a e de
132-hidroxi-(132-S)-feofitina a. A identificação estrutural destes compostos foi realizada com base em
métodos espectroscópicos, tais como IV, RMN 1D e 2D (HOMOCOSY, HMQC, HMBC e NOESY). As
substâncias isoladas de Sidastrum micranthum foram avaliadas quanto às suas atividades antimicrobianas
in vitro, contra vinte cepas fúngicas e bacterianas. A feofitina a mostrou ação antimicrobiana contra todos
os microrganismos testados.
Unitermos: Malvaceae/fitoquímica. Sidastrum micranthum/fitoquímica. Sidastrum micranthum/atividade
antimicrobiana/estudo in vitro. Feofitinas. Plantas medicinais.
INTRODUCTION
Malvaceae is a widespread family comprising
about 243 genera and 4225 species, distributed mainly in
tropical areas (Costa et al., 2007). Mainly because of their
anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, the natural
compounds isolated from Malvaceae species are used
*Correspondence: M. F. V. Souza. Laboratório de Fitoquímica Prof. Dr.
Raimundo Braz Filho. Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos-IPeFarM, sala C-29. Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-970 - João
Pessoa - PB, Brazil. E-mail: mfvanderlei@ltf.ufpb.br
worldwide to treat such diseases as asthma and gastritis,
(Oliveira et al., 2012; Teles et al., 2014).
Sidastrum micranthum (A. St.-Hil.) Fryxell
(Malvaceae), known as malva preta, is a small shrub
commonly found in Cuba, Costa Rica, Venezuela,
Guyana, and Brazil (Bovini, Carvalho-Okano, Vieira,
2001). The infusion prepared from its leaves has
traditionally been used to treat bronchitis, cough,
and asthma. The leaves are also used as cataplasms
(poultices), with hot butter and olive oil, as a moisturizing
agent (Agra et al., 2007).
Article
Brazilian Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences
vol. 51, n. 4, oct./dec., 2015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-82502015000400012
862
R. A. Gomes, Y. C. F. Teles, F. O. Pereira, L. A. S. Rodrigues, E. O. Lima, M. F. Agra, M. F. V. Souza
Previous phytochemical studies of Sidastrum have
reported the presence of steroids, triterpenes, and phenolic
compounds (Cavalcante et al., 2010; Teles et al., 2015).
We previously reported the isolation from S. micranthum
of tiliroside, 4’-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone (acacetin),
and 7,4′-di-O-methylisoscutellarein, as well as other
phenolic compounds (Gomes et al., 2011).
The antimicrobial activity of Malvaceae species
is well reported (Konaté et al., 2012; Silva et al., 2009).
In recent decades, the emergence of microbial resistance
to antibiotics has increased interest in exploring the
potential of plant-derived antimicrobials (Silva et al.,
2010). To increase our knowledge of S. micranthum
phytoconstituents, this species was submitted to a
phytochemical investigation. In addition, the antimicrobial
activity of the compounds isolated was evaluated.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
General procedures
Chromatographic columns were packed with
silica gel 60 (ASTM, 230-400 mesh, Merck). Thin-layer
chromatography (TLC) was performed on PF254 plates,
and the spots were visualized under ultraviolet light (244
and 366 nm) and by exposure to iodine vapor. Isolated
compounds were identified by infrared (IR; Perkin-Elmer,
FT-IR-1750, and Shimadzu, IR prestige 21) and extensive
one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) analysis (1H 200 MHz and 13C 50 MHz, VarianMercury; or 1H 500 MHz and 13C 125 MHz, Bruker-AC)
using deuterated solvents.
Plant material
The aerial parts of S. micranthum were collected in
Monteiro City, Paraiba/Brazil, in June 2006. A voucher
specimen (JPB 6865) was authenticated and deposited
at the Professor Lauro Pires Xavier Herbarium, Federal
University of Paraiba (CCEN/JPB/UFPB).
Extraction and isolation of compounds
Plant material was dehydrated in an oven at 40 ºC for
72 hours and then ground with a mechanical mill, yielding
6 kg of powder, which was macerated with 95% ethanol at
room temperature. This process was repeated to maximize
the extraction. The ethanolic extract was concentrated
using a rotary evaporator, yielding 200 g of crude ethanol
extract. This material was solubilized in ethanol:water
(8:2) and submitted to liquid-liquid extraction with
hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol, affording
46 g of hexane extract, 7 g of chloroform extract, 6 g of
ethyl acetate extract, and 8 g of n-butanol extract.
Hexane extract (10 g) was chromatographed on
silica gel (column A) eluted with hexane, ethyl acetate, and
methanol. From this process, 139 fractions were obtained
and combined by TLC. Compound 1 was the pure white
powder (15 mg) from fractions 29-34. Recrystallization of
fractions 39-64 with chloroform yielded 79 mg of colorless
crystals, later identified as a mixture of compounds 2
and 3. Fractions 65-90 (400 mg) were chromatographed
on a silica gel column under medium-pressure liquid
chromatography (MPLC-Model BÜCHI 688), using
hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol and yielding 90
fractions. The pure fractions 60-64 (40 mg) and 71-83
(30 mg), both amorphous dark green solids, were named
compounds 4 and 5, respectively. The combined fractions
95-129, from column A, yielded a white solid precipitated
(48 mg) that was separated and identified as the compound
6 (Figure 1).
To identify the compounds isolated, the fractions
were analyzed by IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR, and twodimensional techniques (HMQC, HMBC, COSY, and
NOESY).
β-Isoarborinol (1). 1H NMR (δ, CDCl3, 500 MHz):
5.20 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, H-11), 3.19 (dd, J = 4.5 and 11.25 Hz,
H-3), 1.01 (s, H-25), 0.96 (s, H-23), 0.88 (d, H-30), 0.80
(s, H-26), 0.79 (s, H-24), 0.79 (d, H-29), 0.75 (s, H-27),
0.74 (s, H-28). 13C NMR (δ, CDCl3, 125 MHz): 148.89
(C-9), 114.35 (C-11), 78.97 (C-3), 59.68 (C-21), 52.38
(C-5), 52.09 (C-18), 42.87 (C-17), 41.01 (C-8), 39.66
(C-10), 39.08 (C-4), 38.21 (C-14), 36.81 (C-13), 36.10
(C-1), 36.04 (C-12), 35.96 (C-16), 30.76 (C-22), 29.67
(C-15), 28.23 (C-23), 28.21 (C-20), 27.85 (C-2), 26.70
(C-7), 22.97 (C-29), 22.14 (C-25 and C-30), 21.45 (C-6),
20.18 (C-19), 17.02 (C-26), 15.30 (C-24 and C-27), 13.99
(C-28). The 1H- and 13C-NMR data are consistent with
literature (Farruque et al., 2003).
Pheophytin a (4). 1H NMR (δ, CDCl3, 500 MHz):
9.51 (s, H-10), 9.35 (s, H-5), 8.60 (s, H-20), 7.95 (dd, J =
17.85 and 11.48 Hz, H-31) 6.30 (s, H-132), 6.27 (trans, d,
J = 17.95 Hz, H-32) and 6.18 (cis, d, J = 11.10 Hz, H-32),
4.34 (m, H-18), 4.15 (m, H-17), 3.91 (s, H-134), 3.69 (s,
H-121), 3.63 (m, H-81), 3.39 (s, H-21), 3.19 (s, H-71), 1.84
(d, H-18¹), 1.66 (m, H-8²). 13C NMR (δ, CDCl3, 125 MHz):
189.81 (C-13¹), 173.18 (C-17³), 172.63 (C-19), 169.77 (C13³), 161.19 (C-16), 155.55 (C-6), 150.92 (C-9), 149.59
(C-14), 145.25 (C-8), 142.34 (C-1), 138.14 (C-11), 136.82
(C-3), 136.51 (C-4), 136.14 (C-7), 131.1 (C-2), 129.19 (C-
Phytoconstituents from Sidastrum micranthum (A. St.-Hil.) Fryxell (Malvaceae) and antimicrobial activity of pheophytin a
3¹), 129.14 (C-13), 129.03 (C-12), 123.11 (C-3²), 105.10
(C-15), 104.59 (C-10), 97.66 (C-5), 93.72 (C-20), 64.9
(C-13²), 53.07 (C-134), 51.42 (C-17), 50.36 (C-18), 31.42
(C-17²), 29.89 (C-17¹), 23.28 (C-18¹), 19.60 (C-8¹), 17.52
(C-8²), 12.32 (C-12¹), 12.26 (C-2¹), 11.35 (C-7¹). The
1
H- and 13C-NMR data are consistent with the literature
(Chaves et al., 2013).
13²-Hydroxy-(13²-S)-pheophytin a (5). 1H NMR (δ,
CDCl3, 500 MHz): 9.46 (s, H-10), 9.58 (s, H-5), 8.60 (s,
H-20), 8.01 (dd, J = 18.0 Hz, 11.5 Hz, H-31), 6.28 (trans)
(d, J = 18.0 Hz, H-32) and 6.17 (cis) (d, J = 11.5 Hz, H-32),
4.55 (m, H-18), 4.15 (m, H-17), 3.88 (s, H-134), 3.60 (s,
H-121), 3.71 (s, H-81), 3.46 (s, H-21), 3.22 (s, H-71), 1.65
(d, H-18¹), 1.68 (t, H-8²). 13C NMR (δ, CDCl3, 125 MHz):
192.01 (C-13¹), 172.78 (C-17³), 172.43 (C-19), 173.56 (C13³), 162.51 (C-16), 155.35 (C-6), 151.06 (C-9), 149.88
(C-14), 145.21 (C-8), 142.04 (C-1), 137.85 (C-11), 137.0
(C-3), 136.32 (C-4), 136.25 (C-7), 131.74 (C-2), 129.1 (C3¹), 129.70 (C-13), 129.40 (C-12), 122.82 (C-3²), 107.71
(C-15), 104.24 (C-10), 97.92 (C-5), 93.62 (C-20), 89.0
(C-13²), 51.9 (C-134), 51.76 (C-17), 50.35 (C-18), 31.65
(C-17²), 29.40 (C-17¹), 23.65 (C-18¹), 19.70 (C-8¹), 17.40
(C-8²), 12.26 (C-12¹), 12.07 (C-2¹), 11.25 (C-7¹). The 1H
and 13C NMR data are consistent with the literature (Teles
et al., 2014).
Antimicrobial activity assay
Test-microorganisms
Among the strains (bacteria and yeast) selected for
evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the isolated
compounds, six were obtained from the Mycology
Laboratory of the Pharmaceutical Sciences Department
collection, Universidade Federal da Paraiba (LM-UFPB):
Salmonella flexineri (LM 412), Candida albicans (LM
142V), Candida tropicalis (LM 028), Candida krusei
(LM 12), Candida gulliermondii (LM 2101), and
Candida guilliermondii (LM 011). Twelve standard
strains are from the American Type Culture Collection
(ATCC): Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), S. aureus
(ATCC 25923), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC
12228), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Pseudomonas
aeruginosa (ATCC 25853), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027),
Escherichia coli (classic C), E. coli (ATCC 18739),
E. coli (ATCC 8733), C. albicans (ATCC 90028), C.
albicans (ATCC 76615), Candida tropicalis (ATCC
13803), and Candida krusei (ATCC 6258). One strain
was obtained from the Institute of Biomedical Sciences,
Universidade de São Paulo (ICB-USP/SP): C. albicans
(ICB 12).
863
Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC)
Chloramphenicol and ketoconazole (Sigma-Aldrich)
were used as reference antibacterial and antimycotic
controls. Antifungal and antibacterial activities were
determined using microbroth dilution assays in 96-well
microplates, in duplicate.
Stock bacterial strains were maintained in Muller
Hinton agar (MHA), and the yeast, on Sabouraud dextrose
agar (SDA), under refrigeration (8°C). Microorganism
inocula were prepared and standardized in sterilized
saline (0.85%) containing Tween 80 (1%). Turbidity was
adjusted to a 0.5 McFarland tube to obtain an inoculum
of 10 6 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL). Minimum
inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined with
the microdilution method using 96-well plates (INLAB)
(Hadacek, Greger, 2000).
To each well was added 100 µL of doubleconcentrated liquid medium CSD or HCM. Ten microliters
of each compound was then added to the wells of the first
row of the plate, and by serial dilution, concentrations
from 300 to 9 µg/mL were obtained. Later, 10 µL of the
microorganism inoculum was added to the wells. The
plate was incubated at 35 °C for 24 h. Afterward, 20 µL
of resazurin sodium 0.01% (w/v) (Sigma-Aldrich) was
added. Resazurin is a colorimetric indicator of oxidationreduction for bacteria. As an indicator for yeast, 20 μL of
1% triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) (Sigma-Aldrich)
was used. The assay was incubated at 35 °C. Results were
read by viewing the color change from blue to pink for
bacteria, and from colorless to pink for yeast, indicating
growth of the microorganism.
The MIC of the active compound was defined as
the lowest concentration able to inhibit growth (Deswal,
Chand, 1997). Compounds were considered either
active or nonactive according to the following criteria:
Compounds with MICs between 50 and 500 μg/mL were
classified as having strong/great antimicrobial activity;
those with MICs from 500 to 1500 μg/mL had moderate
activity; and those with MICs higher than 1500 μg/mL
were considered to have weak antimicrobial activity
(Houghton et al., 2007; Sartoratto et al., 2004).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Structural elucidation of the isolated compounds
The structural assignments of compounds 2, 3,
and 6 isolated from S. micranthum (Figure 1) were made
based on spectral analysis and are in good agreement with
those reported in the literature. Thus, their structures were
864
R. A. Gomes, Y. C. F. Teles, F. O. Pereira, L. A. S. Rodrigues, E. O. Lima, M. F. Agra, M. F. V. Souza
identified as sitosterol (2), stigmasterol (3), and sitosterol
3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6) (Kojima et al., 1990;
Kongduang et al., 2008; Rashed et al., 2014). Steroids
are widespread in plants and play an important role as
components of vegetable cell walls and membranes. They
have been previously been reported in many Malvaceae
species, such as Sidastrum paniculatum, Wissadula
periplocifolia, Sida rhombifolia, Sida galheirensis,
Bakeridesia pickelli, and Herissantia crispa (Teles et al.,
2015; Teles et al., 2014; Chaves et al., 2013; Silva et al.,
2006; Costa et al., 2007; Costa et al., 2009).
Compound 1, on 1H NMR, exhibited a triterpene
profile, characterized by six singlet methyls, two doublet
methyls, one oxymethinic proton (δ H 3.19), and one
olefinic proton (δ H 5.20). The presence of 30 signals
on 13C NMR and the correlations observed on HMQC,
HMBC, COSY, and NOESY spectra led to identification
of compound 1 as β-isoarborinol, a hopane triterpene
previously isolated from Melicope indica Wt. (Rutaceae)
(Farruque et al., 2003). Triterpenes have been reported in
Malvaceae species, and hopane triterpenes have recently
been reported in Wissadula periplocifolia and Sidastrum
paniculatum (Teles et al., 2014; Teles et al., 2015).
Compounds 4 and 5 appeared similar (dark green
amorphous solids) and had similar IR bands. On the basis
of 1H and 13C NMR spectra, we confirmed that compounds
FIGURE 1 - Chemical constituents isolated from Sidastrum micranthum.
865
Phytoconstituents from Sidastrum micranthum (A. St.-Hil.) Fryxell (Malvaceae) and antimicrobial activity of pheophytin a
4 and 5 are structurally related, both being formed by
porphyrin rings. Extensive analyses of spectral data and
comparisons with the literature led to identification of
compounds 4 and 5 as pheophytin a and 132-hydroxy-(132S)-pheophytin a, respectively, previously isolated from
the Malvaceae species W. periplocifolia, S. rhombifolia,
and S. galheirensis (Teles et al., 2014; Chaves et al., 2013;
Silva et al., 2006).
Antibacterial and antifungal activities
The isolated compounds sitosterol/stigmasterol
(2/3), pheophytin a (4), acacetin (7), and 7,4′-di-Omethylisoescutelarein (8) were assessed against bacteria
and yeast strains. Isolation of the flavones 7 and 8 has
previously been reported (Gomes et al., 2011).
The results obtained indicate that the mixture of
phytosterols 2/3 and the flavones acacetin (7) and 7,4′-di-
O-methylisoescutelarein (8) did not have an inhibitory
effect on the test strains. In contrast, pheophytin a (4)
exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against all test
strains (Table I).
Two yeast (C. albicans ATCC – 90028 and C.
albicans ATCC – 76615) were sensitive to pheophytin a
at 38 µg/mL and were the most sensitive test strains. At 75
µg/mL, pheophytin a was able to inhibit growth of 85% of
all strains, indicating strong antimicrobial activity for this
compound, according to the criteria reported by Sartoratto
et al. (2004) and Houghton et al. (2007).
Pheophytins are formed by the degradation of
chlorophyll by Mg-dechelatase and chlorophyllase
enzymes and have been previously been reported to have
anti-leishmanial and cytotoxic activity (Hörtensteiner et
al., 1998; Cheng et al., 2001; Sakata et al., 1990). The
results obtained are in agreement with the antimicrobial
effect of some chlorophyll derivatives, including
TABLE I - MIC values (µg/mL) of compounds isolated from Sidastrum micranthum
4
7
8
+
75
+
+
S. aureus ATCC - 6538
+
75
+
+
S. aureus ATCC - 25923
+
75
+
+
S. epidermidis ATCC - 12228
+
75
+
+
B. subtilis ATCC - 6633
+
150
+
+
P. aeruginosa ATCC – 25853
+
150
+
+
P. aeruginosa ATCC – 9027
+
75
+
+
E. coli (classical C)
+
75
+
+
E. coli ATCC – 18739
+
75
+
+
E. coli ATCC – 8733
+
75
+
+
S. flexineri LM – 412
+
38
+
+
C. albicans ATCC – 90028
+
38
+
+
C. albicans ATCC – 76615
+
75
+
+
C. albicans LM – 142 V
+
150
+
+
C. albicans ICB – 12
+
75
+
+
C. tropicalis ATCC – 13803
+
75
+
+
C. tropicalis LM – 028
+
75
+
+
C. krusei ATCC – 6258
+
75
+
+
C. krusei LM – 12
+
75
+
+
C. guilliermondii LM – 2101
+
75
+
+
C. guilliermondii LM – 011
+ = Presence of microbial growth (compound not active), − = Absence of microbial growth
Antimicrobial*
2/3
Microorganisms
Microorganisms
Tween 80
Control
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
866
R. A. Gomes, Y. C. F. Teles, F. O. Pereira, L. A. S. Rodrigues, E. O. Lima, M. F. Agra, M. F. V. Souza
pheophorbide, as determined by Gerola et al. (2011). Thus,
the antimicrobial activity shown by these compounds may
be evidence of their additional role protecting plants from
microorganisms in their environment.
CHAVES, O.S.; GOMES, R.A.; TOMAZ, A.C.; FERNANDES,
M.G.; GRAÇAS MENDES, L. JR.; AGRA, M.F.; BRAGA,
V.A.; SOUZA, M. F. V. Secondary metabolites from Sida
rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae) and the vasorelaxant activity
of cryptolepinone. Molecules, v.18, p.2769-2777, 2013.
CONCLUSION
This phytochemical study of Sidastrum micranthum
hexane extract resulted in the isolation of six compounds:
β-isoarborinol (1), a mixture of sitosterol (2) and
stigmasterol (3), pheophytin a (4), 132-hydroxy-(132-S)pheophytin a (5) and sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
(6). Compounds 1, 4, and 5 are reported here for the first
time in the Sidastrum genus. In addition, pheophytin
a exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against
all bacteria and yeasts tested. According to the criteria
reported by Sartoratto et al. (2004) and Houghton et
al. (2007), pheophytin a is considered to possess strong
antimicrobial activity against C. albicans (ATCC 90028)
and C. albicans (ATCC 76615).
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors thank the National Council for Scientific
and Technological Development, Brazil (CNPq), and
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível
Superior, Brazil (CAPES) for financial support and the
Multiuser Analytical Central Laboratory (LMCA-UFPB)
for obtaining the spectra.
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Received for publication on 22th October 2014
Accepted for publication on 28th July 2015