In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.—Plant (2012) 48:620–626
DOI 10.1007/s11627-012-9477-5
MICROPROPAGATION
Micropropagation of Mandevilla moricandiana
(A.DC.) Woodson
Sandra Zorat Cordeiro & Naomi Kato Simas &
Anaize Borges Henriques & Celso Luiz Salgueiro Lage &
Alice Sato
Received: 21 November 2011 / Accepted: 24 October 2012 / Published online: 13 November 2012 / Editor: Rakhi Chaturvedi
# The Society for In Vitro Biology 2012
Abstract A protocol was developed for micropropagation of
Mandevilla moricandiana (A.DC.) Woodson, a native plant
from Brazil. Shoots, obtained from in vitro plantlets were used
as source of nodal segments for shoot production from axillary
buds. The nodal segments were grown on Murashige and
Skoog medium supplemented with different concentrations
of 6-benzyladenine and/or indole-3-acetic acid to induce axillary bud elongation. After a 2-mo culture period, the medium
supplemented with 1.0 mgL−1 6-benzyladenine gave the largest number of nodal segments per explant. The nodal segments obtained from plants developed under these conditions
were grown on medium supplemented with different concentrations indole-3-acetic acid, α-naphthaleneacetic acid, and
indole-3-butyric acid. The use of the medium supplemented
S. Z. Cordeiro (*)
Post-graduation in Plant Biotechnology,
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro,
Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 Cidade Universitária,
21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
e-mail: sandrazorat@hotmail.com
with indole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-buryric induced shoot
elongation and shoot development, formation of basal callus,
and/or indirect organogenesis of roots. Following transfer of
shoots to soil, the plants with only basal callus showed 10%
survival and developed roots from callus, while in vitro-rooted
plants had a maximum 40% survival rate ex vitro. Regardless
of the auxin added to the rooting medium, the acclimatization
period allowed the plants rooted in vitro to develop
their shoots fully. The protocol developed here is suitable for the production of shoots and rooted plantlets of
M. moricandiana.
Keywords Mandevilla . Apocynaceae . Micropropagation .
Morphogenesis . Tissue culture
C. L. S. Lage
National Institute of Industrial Property,
Rua Mayrink Veiga, 9,
20090-910 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
e-mail: clage@inpi.gov.br
N. K. Simas
Department of Natural Products and Food–College of Pharmacy,
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro,
Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 Cidade Universitária,
21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
e-mail: naomisimas@yahoo.com
A. B. Henriques
Laboratory of Plant Development Physiology–Institute of Biology,
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro,
Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 Cidade Universitária,
21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
e-mail: abh@biologia.ufrj.br
A. Sato
Laboratory of Plant Tissue Culture–Department of Botany,
Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro,
Av. Pasteur 458,
22290-040 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
e-mail: alicesato@unirio.br
MICROPROPAGATION OF M. MORICANDIANA
Introduction
Mandevilla Lindley (Apocynaceae, Apocynoideae) includes
about 170 species, native to the Neotropical region.
Mandevilla has racemose inflorescences, which may have
large, brightly colored flowers and it has potential for use as
an ornamental or landscape plant. Most of the species have a
climbing habit, although they may occur as shrubs, subshrubs, herbs, or epiphytes (Metcalfe and Chalke 1950;
Sales et al. 2006).
Mandevilla is among the most commonly grown ornamental plants in the world. Mandevilla sanderi and
Mandevilla splendens, popularly known as “Brazilian jasmine,” are among the 15 species most often sold by the
largest online retailers (Wiersema and León 1999).
Mandevilla is also recognized for decorative use (Alves
and Oliveira 1992; Santos et al. 2009).
Mandevilla has been the subject of studies in taxonomy
(Woodson 1933; Sales et al. 2006), anatomy and adaptive
morphology (Appezzato-da-Glória and Estelita 2000;
Martins and Alves 2008; Boutebtoub et al. 2009), ethnobotany (Adams et al. 2007), and in vitro culture (Handro et al.
1988; Biondo et al. 2004, 2007). In addition, some species
show potential for production of pharmaceuticals (Calixto et
al. 1985).
In vitro culture of Mandevilla illustris and Mandevilla
velutina has received some attention because of the potential
pharmacological use and the need for conservation of these
threatened endemic species. The underground system of
both species, composed of xylopodium or tuberous roots,
is used in popular medicine, as infusions or alcoholic
extracts, and has proven effective in treating snake bites
and for inhibiting the edema-inducing activities of toxins
such as the venom of Bothrops and Crotalus (Calixto et al.
1985; Biondo et al. 2004, 2007).
Handro et al. (1988) established a protocol for plant
regeneration from explants of M. velutina and suggested
the possibility of using in vitro techniques for the production
of pharmaceuticals in vitro. Biondo et al. (2004) established
a protocol for direct organogenesis of M. illustris from nodal
segments, and Biondo et al. (2007) established a micropropagation protocol for M. velutina.
Micropropagation leads to the generation of plants in large
quantities (Teixeira et al. 2001) with the production of homogeneous metabolites with reliable quality (Amaral and Silva
2003). Micropropagation techniques also enable genetic and
epigenetic manipulations (Rao and Ravishankar 2002), the
establishment of germplasm banks (Rout et al. 2000), and
the patent protection of drug production methods, controlling
illegal extraction and preventing the decline of ecosystems
where plants occur naturally (Medeiros 2003).
In Brazil, at least 70 species of Mandevilla have been
identified, and new species are continually being described,
621
with high ornamental and pharmacological potential.
Mandevilla are distributed along the Amazon region and
the southeast (Sales et al. 2006). Mandevilla moricandiana
(A.DC.) Woodson is found in several states in northeastern
and southeastern Brazil, where it grows in sandy coastal
dune forests and scrub (“restinga”) and rocky grasslands,
which are ecosystems with great diversity and high endemism. M. moricandiana is a vine with a trailing habit; it has
twining and latescent branches and nodal appendages
around the nodal region. The inflorescence has three to
seven flowers with a pink and white funnel-shaped corolla,
and the corolline tube may have a white or yellow interior. It
flowers prolifically in November and December, waning
slowly until April (Woodson 1933; Sales et al. 2006;
Pioker et al. 2010). This species has an underground system
composed by tuberous roots.
The objective of this study was to establish an efficient
protocol for micropropagation of M. moricandiana, to maintain its genetic variability to promote in vitro conservation of
germplasm, and to produce seedlings for ornamental purposes.
Materials and Methods
Plant material. M. moricandiana fruits and branches were
collected in the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park, located between 22° and 22°23′S and 41°15′ and 41°45′W in the
municipalities of Macaé, Carapebus, and Quissamã, Rio de
Janeiro. Voucher is deposited at the Herbarium Bradeanum
(HB), under accession number HB 93029.
Culture media and conditions. The basal medium consisted
of Murashige and Skoog (MS) (Murashige and Skoog 1962)
salts, supplemented with MS vitamins and 3% sucrose (w/v),
and solidified with 0.75% agar (w/v). Different concentrations
(1.0, 2.0, or 5.0 mgL−1) of 6-benzyladenine (BA), indole-3acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and αnaphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were evaluated. The pH of
the medium was adjusted to 5.8, and the molten medium
was dispensed in glass tubes (2.0×15.0 cm) for culture establishment or glass bottles (7.5×13.5 cm) for shoot multiplication and rooting. Media were autoclaved for 15 min at 121°C.
All cultures were maintained in a growth room at 25±1°C,
under a 16-h photoperiod at a photosynthetic flux of 23 μmol
m−2 s−1 provided by cool daylight fluorescent lamps.
Culture establishment. Seeds were obtained after the dehiscence of the fruits. They were surface-sterilized, under agitation, with 10% (v/v) commercial detergent for 15 min,
70% (v/v) ethanol for 10 min, and 30% (v/v) commercial
bleach for 5 min, and then washed three times with sterile
distilled water. The disinfected seeds were inoculated into
glass tubes containing 10 mL of MS medium and were
622
CORDEIRO ET AL.
maintained in a growth room for 60 d. After this period,
shoot apices and nodal segments were excised from the
seedlings and cultured on MS medium for 6 mo, with one
subculture after 3 mo. In vitro plants were used as sources of
nodal segments for the shoot production experiments.
Shoot multiplication. Isolated nodal segments (1.0 cm long)
were inoculated into glass bottles with 50 mL of MS medium supplemented with 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, or 5.0 mgL−1 BA
combined with 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, or 5.0 mgL−1 IAA. The experimental design was fully randomized in a 2×4 factorial
scheme, consisting of two plant growth regulators (BA and
IAA) in four different concentrations, with six replicates per
treatment. Each replicate was a bottle of five nodal segments
(n030/treatment). After 2 mo, shoot multiplication was
evaluated using the following parameters: shoot height,
shoots per explant, nodal segments per explant (multiplication rate), and root or callus formation.
Rooting. Shoots produced in the culture medium that was
most efficient in inducing bud nodal segments were excised
and placed in glass bottles with 50 mL of MS supplemented
with different concentrations (1.0, 2.0, or 5.0 mgL−1) of IAA,
NAA, or IBA. The experimental design was fully randomized
in a 3×4 factorial scheme, consisting of three auxins (IAA,
NAA, and IBA) in four different concentrations, with six
replicates per treatment; each replicate was a bottle containing
five nodal shoots (n030/treatment). Plant development was
evaluated using the following parameters: plant height, nodal
segments per explant (multiplication rate), and roots or callus
formation after a 3-mo culture period.
Acclimatization. In vitro shoots of more than 5.0 cm height
were washed in tap water to remove excess medium and
carefully transferred to plastic tubes (3.0×10.0 cm) containing autoclaved vermiculite. The tubes were placed in a
plastic box covered with plastic film to preserve the high
humidity. The box was maintained in a greenhouse at 28±2°
C for acclimatization. During the course of 1 mo, the plastic
film cover was removed gradually. The acclimatized plants
were evaluated for ex vitro survival and the number of nodal
segments, each month for 3 mo.
Statistics. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, and
means were compared with the Tukey–Kramer test at 0.05%
significance level, using the software GraphPad InStat,
version 3.01.
Results and Discussion
The disinfection method applied to seeds of M. moricandiana was 90% successful in eliminating seed contamination.
After 1 mo, 61% of the seeds germinated, producing seedlings with fully developed roots and shoots (Fig. 1a). After
3 mo of culture in hormone-free MS medium, the shoot
developed but roots did not form.
After 1 mo of culture in the cytokinin-containing shoot
multiplication media, all explants cultured in medium supplemented with BA showed axillary shoot development from the
nodes (Fig. 1b) and shoot production via the development of
preexisting meristems (Fig. 1c). After 2 mo, there were no
differences between the shoot number per explant in plants
cultivated with BA alone (1.0, 2.0, or 5.0 mgL−1) or in
combination with IAA (1.0, 2.0, or 5.0 mgL−1) (Table 1).
The IAA-BA combination in the shoot multiplication was
used in an attempt to increase the multiplication rate, as
observed in other studies with Apocynaceae (Handro et al.
1988; Pereira-Netto 1996; Sudha et al. 2005; Nishitha et al.
2006). However, for M. moricandiana, the combination of
BA and IAA resulted in fewer shoots on average.
Use of media supplemented with 1.0 or 2.0 mgL−1 BA
gave the highest numbers of shoots (Fig. 1b, c; Table 1).
After 2 mo, the medium supplemented with 1.0 mgL−1 BA
yielded a shoot multiplication rate of 1:21. Other studies
with Mandevilla reported shoot multiplication using MS
medium supplemented with BA within the range of 0.1–
1.0 mgL−1, with multiplication rates between 1:3 and 1:6.7
(Biondo et al. 2004, 2007). The multiplication rate obtained
here for M. moricandiana with 1.0 mgL−1 BA was seven
times more productive than the best results previously
obtained for Mandevilla.
The explants cultured in MS supplemented only with
IAA showed shoot production only from the apical meristems. In the presence of IAA, plants were more elongated
(Fig. 1d), as the shoot height was the highest (Table 1). After
2 mo, the maximum multiplication rate was 1:6.
After 2 mo of culture, all explants placed on the cytokinincontaining shoot multiplication media, except those cultivated
on MS without growth regulators, showed callus formation on
the base of the explants with only 6.6% rooting (Table 1).
Previous studies on the micropropagation of Apocynaceae
species did not provide data on callus or root formation during
the shoot multiplication, and therefore the data obtained here
cannot be compared with these studies.
The use of auxins in the media resulted in the formation
of roots and basal friable calli on nodal segments of M.
moricandiana. Treatments containing IBA (Fig. 2a) or
IAA (Fig. 2b) at concentrations of 2.0 and 5.0 mgL−1 were
the most effective in promoting root formation. Optimum
rooting response using IBA has been reported for several
species of Apocynaceae (Pereira-Netto 1996; Raha and Roy
2001; Nishitha et al. 2006), including M. illustris (Biondo et
al. 2004).
During the rooting phase, plants developed roots when
cultivated for 3 mo on MS supplemented with IAA alone
MICROPROPAGATION OF M. MORICANDIANA
623
Figure 1. In vitro cultures of
M. moricandiana: (a) shoot
culture after 3 mo of culture; (b)
early proliferation of shoots on
MS medium with 1.0 mgL−1
BA after 1 mo of culture; (c)
shoots on MS medium with
1.0 mgL−1 μM BA after 2 mo;
(d) tissue on MS medium with
2.0 mgL−1 IAA after 2 mo of
culture.
(Table 2), but no roots were formed when cultivated for
2 mo on the same medium during the shoot development
phase (Table 1). The length of the culture period seems to be
important for the production of roots. Biondo et al. (2007)
Table 1. Effect of growth regulators BA and IAA on in vitro development of M. moricandiana, after 2 mo of culture
Media
Shoot height (cm)
Numbers of shoots
per plant
Nodal segment per shoot
(multiplication rate)
Root and callus
formation (%)
Roots
Callus
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
+ 1.0
+ 2.0
+ 5.0
+ 1.0
+ 1.0
+ 1.0
mgL−1 BA
mgL−1 BA
mgL−1 BA
mgL−1 IAA
mgL−1 IAA + 1.0 mgL−1 BA
mgL−1 IAA + 2.0 mgL−1 BA
6.15±2.477
6.29±2.367
5.11±2.866
3.33±2.108
8.23±2.887
8.63±2.745
7.30±1.561
bcd
bcd
cde
e
ab
a
abc
1.23±0.430
3.40±1.380
2.63±1.129
2.33±1.422
1.33±0.607
2.56±1.251
2.96±1.033
c
a
a
ab
bc
a
a
5.53±1.634
21.43±8.549
21.2±9.693
13.4±9.357
6.65±1.778
12.26±4.076
10.6±4.938
efg
a
a
b
defg
bc
bcd
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
100
100
100
100
100
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
+ 1.0
+ 2.0
+ 2.0
+ 2.0
+ 2.0
+ 5.0
+ 5.0
+ 5.0
+ 5.0
mgL−1 IAA
mgL−1 IAA
mgL−1 IAA
mgL−1 IAA
mgL−1 IAA
mgL−1 IAA
mgL−1 IAA
mgL−1 IAA
mgL−1 IAA
6.56±1.962
6.10±4.028
7.18±2.289
6.89±1.202
5.42±1.469
6.93±4.259
6.69±2.176
6.14±2.150
4.76±1.794
abcd
bcd
abc
abcd
cde
abcd
abcd
bcd
de
2.90±1.583
1.10±0.607
2.73±1.143
2.66±1.093
3.23±0.935
1.06±0.640
2.63±1.189
2.73±1.048
3.33±0.959
a
c
a
a
a
c
a
a
a
12.12±4.790
4.22±2.063
9.46±4.614
10.36±5.288
8.86±3.340
4.46±2.631
8.1±4.366
8.43±3.048
8.3±2.654
bc
g
bcde
bcd
bcdefg
fg
cdefg
cdefg
cdefg
0
6.67
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
+ 5.0 mgL−1 BA
+ 1.0 mgL−1 BA
+ 2.0 mgL−1 BA
+ 5.0 mgL−1 BA
+ 1.0 mgL−1 BA
+ 2.0 mgL−1 BA
+ 5.0 mgL−1 BA
Different letters, in each column, indicate statistical differences by the Tukey–Kramer test (p<0.05)
624
CORDEIRO ET AL.
Figure 2. In vitro rooting and
acclimatization of M.
moricandiana: (a) shoots on
MS medium containing 5.0 mg
L−1 IBA after 3 mo of culture;
(b) shoots on MS medium with
5.0 mgL−1 IAA after 3 mo of
culture; (c) shoots on MS
medium with 2.0 mgL−1 NAA
after 3 mo of culture; (d) rooted
plants after 3 mo of
acclimation; (e) acclimatized
plants in plastic tubes
containing vermiculite, after
5 mo of acclimation; the bar
indicates 5.0 cm.
observed that the culture period is directly proportional to
rooting rates caused by auxins in M. velutina.
Although use of NAA-containing media promoted rooting by indirect organogenesis, NAA seemed to prevent
shoot development (Fig. 2c), which is contrary to data
obtained with M. velutina (Handro et al. 1988; Biondo et
al. 2007) and another Apocynaceae (Sudha et al. 2005),
where roots and calli were formed in cultures supplemented
with NAA without compromising the development of
shoots.
MICROPROPAGATION OF M. MORICANDIANA
Table 2. Effect of growth regulators IAA, IBA and NAA on in
vitro development of Mandevilla
moricandiana, after 3 mo of
culture
Rooting media
Plants height (cm)
625
Nodal segment per plant
Root and callus formation (%)
Roots
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
Different letters, in each column,
indicate statistical differences by
the Tukey–Kramer test (p<0.05)
+ 1.0
+ 2.0
+ 5.0
+ 1.0
+ 2.0
+ 5.0
+ 1.0
+ 2.0
+ 5.0
mgL−1 IAA
mgL−1 IAA
mgL−1 IAA
mgL−1 NAA
mgL−1 NAA
mgL−1 NAA
mgL−1 IBA
mgL−1 IBA
mgL−1 IBA
8.00±2.741 abc
6.38±1.982 abc
6.60±2.221 abc
9.47±3.151 ab
4.25±4.844 cd
1.26±1.143 d
1.00±0 d
6.30±2.307 bc
9.12±4.521 ab
9.76±3.224 a
All plants of M. moricandiana, which developed using
MS medium supplemented with IAA or IBA, regardless of
the presence or absence of roots and/or callus, were evaluated for acclimatization. After 3 mo in soil, the plants that
were unrooted at the end of the rooting phase showed only
10% ex vitro survival. The surviving plants developed a root
system from the callus at the base of the stem. This reduction of the number of plants in the sample prevented a
statistical analysis of the number of nodal segments at the
end of acclimatization versus the rooting medium. Similar
results were obtained for M. velutina: in vitro unrooted
plants showed only 10% survival after transfer to soil
(Handro et al. 1988).
Of the plants rooted in IAA, the plants grown on MS
medium supplemented with 1.0 mgL−1 showed a lower
percentage of rooting (Table 2), but performed better in the
ex vitro survival (Table 3). Of the plants rooted in IBA,
those grown on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 and
5.0 mgL−1 showed the highest survival rate, reaching 40%
(Table 3). Although in vitro-rooted plants showed different
numbers of nodal segments at the beginning of acclimatization, after 3 mo, irrespective of their original medium, all
6.26±1.522
5.20±1.031
5.56±1.888
7.44±1.917
2.96±2.810
1.26±0.785
1.00±0 d
5.13±1.814
5.52±2.257
6.70±2.588
ab
bc
ab
ab
cd
d
0
17
53
68
23
27
100
27
48
30
bc
ab
ab
Callus
50
83
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
plants showed a similar number of nodal segments and full
development of roots (Fig. 2d). The survival rate of plants
rooted in vitro, over 3 mo after transfer to soil, and the
number of nodal segments developed in the same period in
relation to the original media are showed in Table 3.
Approximately 40% of the acclimatized M. moricandiana
plants that had formed roots at the end of the rooting phase
survived ex vitro and 90% of acclimated plants without roots
died. Although in a micropropagation protocol it is desirable
to produce roots directly from the shoots, rather than from an
intermediate callus, Handro et al. (1988) reported, for M.
velutina, the formation of basal calluses in 100% of the plants
at the end of the rooting phase. Studies on the micropropagation of Mandevilla (Handro et al. 1988; Biondo et al. 2004,
2007) have shown that plants with underground systems with
a xylopodium or tuberous roots need to be rooted in vitro for
successful acclimatization. For M. moricandiana, at the end of
the rooting phase, all plants showed callus production and the
roots emerged from this callus.
In conclusion, although further optimization is needed to
increase the survival and rooting rates during acclimatization
in soil, the micropropagation protocol developed here
Table 3. Percentage of survival and number of nodal segments of in vitro-rooted plants of M. moricandiana during 3 mo of acclimatization ex vitro
Origin media
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
+ 1.0
+ 2.0
+ 5.0
+ 1.0
+ 2.0
+ 5.0
mgL−1 IAA
mgL−1 IAA
mgL−1 IAA
mgL−1 IBA
mgL−1 IBA
mgL−1 IBA
1 mo
2 mo
Survival (%)
Number of nodal
segments
Survival (%)
69
80
73
50
40
84
5.42±0.756 cd
5.93±1.611 bcd
7.57±0.646 a
5.20±0.788 d
7.00±1.309 ab
6.75±1.545 abc
46
53
20
33
40
40
3 mo
Number of nodal
segments
6.44±0.882
7.27±1.104
8.75±0.500
7.00±0.816
8.31±0.991
8.00±1.773
Different letters, in each column, indicate statistical differences by the Tukey–Kramer test (p<0.05)
b
ab
a
a
a
a
Survival (%)
35
20
12
24
40
40
Number of nodal
segments
8.00±1.155
8.75±0.957
10.33±0.577
8.20±0.836
9.65±1.061
9.00±2.070
a
a
a
a
a
a
626
CORDEIRO ET AL.
provides an effective means for the production of M. moricandiana plantlets (Fig. 2e).
Acknowledgments The authors thank the Conselho de Administração de Pessoal de Ensino Superior for a doctoral scholarship for the
first author, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Vegetal,
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro and Fundação de Amparo à
Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro for financial support, Dr. Tatiana
Ungaretti Paleo Konno of the UFRJ-Macaé for providing seeds of M.
moricandiana, taxonomists Dr. Jorge Fontella Pereira of the Museu
Nacional (UFRJ), Marcelo Fraga Castilhiori and Inaldo do Espírito
Santo of the Herbarium Bradeanum for species identification, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) for providing
transport to the collection areas, IBAMA-Brazilian Institute for Environment and Natural Renewable Resources-for authorization to collect
(Scientific Research Activities no. 18498-1), and the anonymous
reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions to improve
the manuscript.
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