Introduction

Serpentine soils are those holding 70% or more iron-magnesium compounds, leading to rocky soils with many degrees of nutritional imbalance, containing high concentrations of weathered ultramafic rocks (Salihaj, Bani, & Echevarria, 2016). They are drifted from ultramafic rocks, shaping environments with low capacity to hold water, nutrient deficit and plenty of toxic materials such as nickel, chrome, magnesium and iron (Anacker, 2014). Although there some areas of serpentine soils in South America, they are scares around the globe, with the majority of them found in the Circum-pacific margin and Mediterranean Sea (Hseu, Zehetner, Fujii, Watanabe, & Nakao 2018), leading to a large gap of knowledge and only a few floristic surveys in Brazil and Central America (Almeda & Martins, 2015). Iron (Fe) and Magnesium (Mg) are known as trace elements because they are found at very small concentrations on plants, and when at higher concentrations, their presence can lead to leaf death, necrotic brown spotting on leaves, chlorosis, cellular damage, permutagenic damage, DNA strand breaks and DNA base modifications (Nagajyoti, Lee, & Sreekanth, 2010). Heavy metals are known to interfere directly on the physiological processes of the plants, playing an important role in the redox reactions, being an integral part of enzymes, interfering in CO₂ fixation, nutrient absorption, gaseous exchange and respiration (Nagajyoti et al., 2010). Altogether, those physical and chemical characteristics make serpentine soils a harsh environment for plants, hosting a reduced flora when compared to the neighboring areas (Brady, Kruckeberg, & Bradshaw Jr., 2005).

Serpentine plants need to endure harsh environmental conditions, and therefore understanding the ecological species that survive in those places is an important part of the serpentine problem (Kazakou et al., 2010). They are also known for the presence of extremely specialized habitats that hosts ‘islands’ of biodiversity and endemic flora (Chiarucci & Baker, 2007). In the tropics, flora associated with serpentine soil is a topic of concern for scientists (Cano, Cano-Ortiz, Del Río, Ramirez, & Ruiz, 2014), but despite the high endemism rates found on those places, floristic surveys exclusive from these locals on South America are scarce (Almeda & Martins, 2015).

Iron rich environments figure among the most threatened and less studied places in State Minas Gerais (Jacobi & Carmo, 2008). The state endured resource exploitation for livestock farming, wood harvest and anthropic fire, reducing its vegetation to a few. Mining in Brazil (from licenses to search for the ore to extractions) quadrupled between 2000 to 2009, reaching a 698.000 km2 area in national territory (Jacobi, Carmo, & Campos, 2011). Despite all the measures that are being taken to preserve Brazilian biodiversity, few are those that intend to conserve mineral rich environments (Jacobi et al., 2011).

Due the high threaten to forest fragments and the advances on the mining industry in soils with high concentration of heavy metals (Hseu & Iizuka, 2013), it's urgent to understand vegetation distribution in serpentine environments and utilize those studies to help recover disturbed areas. Our study's aim was to characterize flora in a serpentine area in Bom Sucesso, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, by producing a species list that can further be used on conservation projects.

Material and methods

Study area

We conducted this study in Minas Gerais State, Bom Sucesso municipality in an area known as Morro das Almas, located between the coordinates 21º 01' 58" South and longitude 44º 45' 28" West, in an altitude of 952 m above the sea level. The region presents a mosaic of phytophysiognomies, since the Minas Gerais State is an ecotone area (transitional areas between phytophysiognomies) Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE, 2012) with the main vegetation types belonging to the Cerrado (Brazilian savannah) and Mata Atlântica Domain IBGE (2013). Climate in the region is usually marked by two well defined seasons - wet and rainy summers, with dry cold winters IBGE (2013). The mean annual precipitation is 1776 mm concentrated in the months of October to March and mean temperature of 19ºC (Figure 1). The area was previously studied by the Departamento de Ciências do Solo (Department of Soil Science) from Universidade Federal de Lavras, where they investigated the geology of the area and found that the flora from that locality stands upon soils holding high saturation of iron oxide (Fe₂O₃ on 72.33%), characterizing serpentine soils Araujo, Pedroso, Amaral, and Zinn (2014). Local landscape is surrounded by natural fields - a mosaic of Altitude and rocky fields), in which is usual the presence of livestock grazing.

Floristic survey

We performed the floristic survey utilizing the rapid survey sampling method. This method consists in walking through an area and identifying the arboreal species, making a presence/absence list. When the same species appears several times in the same area, we continue to walk to try to find new species. Our sampling was complete when we covered the whole area of the Morro das Almas hill. We covered a 352 ha area and identified some species in the field. Species were sampled and identified by a dendrology specialist (Prof. Rubens Santos, from UFLA), since most of the species were not flourish. The plants which the specialist could not identify in the field were collected and checked using the Brazilian Flora Group (BFG, 2015) virtual herbarium. Plants were identified by using their vegetative characteristics and their names were checked in The Plant List (2018), Reflora 2015 virtual herbarium.

Results

We recorded 249 arboreal species, located in 61 botanical families (Table 1). The most representative family in this study was Fabaceae, holding 31 species, an equivalent to 12.60% of the total richness in the community, followed by Myrtaceae with 33 species (11.38%) and Melastomataceae with 12 species (4.87%) (Figure 2). Those families hold 10.37% of the total floristic richness. Copaifera L. and Bowdichia Kunth were the most representative genera in Fabaceae, followed by Myrcia and Eugenia in Myrtaceae and Miconia and Tibouchina in Melastomataceae. Myrcia splendens, Pera glabrata and Ocotea pulchella were commonly found in all the area.

Table 1. List of the species from a neotropical serpentine site in Bom Sucesso, Minas Gerais State, Brazil.

From the 249 species recorded in our study, 91 are native from Brazil. Four of the species are recorded as Near Threatened, two are Vulnerable and two are Endangered according to the IUCN Red List (International Union for Conservation of Nature [IUCN], 2019).

Discussion

Serpentine environments provide peculiar conditions, resulting in a strong selective pressure, specialized flora to adverse conditions and holding many degrees of soil toxicity and endemism (Cano et al., 2014). Due to the many degrees of nutritional imbalance and inhospitable physicochemical conditions on soils, it is usual to find a depauperate flora on serpentine areas (Branco & Ree, 2010). In some surveys regarding flora associated to serpentine soils in the tropics, it is usual to find a low number of species (Cano et al., 2014), counterpointing the high species number found in our survey. The highest species number found for the Americas in a serpentine soil area was 219 species in Dominican Republic (Cano et al., 2014) and recently 135 species in Philippines (Sarmiento, 2018), reinforcing the importance of the Morro das Almas area as one of the most diverse serpentine areas from the Tropics.

The amount of species found in our study points to the existence of some kind of adaptation by the plants present in Morro das Almas, making explicit that despite the stress caused by toxic metals in soil, vegetation might present morphological and anatomical adaptations to deal with those effects. Despite the proposal that serpentine soils are limiting factors to vegetation diversification, in our study it doesn't seem to be the key factor influencing this community’s plurality, as the high species number can evidence. Fabaceae, Myrtaceae and Melastomataceae, the families with higher species richness, also characterize the neighboring region flora (Guimarães, Almeida, Carneiro, Souza, & Siqueira, 2012; Terra et al., 2018), foregrounding its adaptive power facing edaphic variations.

Fabaceae is frequently associated with nodule systems that benefit not only the plants from this family, but also induces changes in the soil fertility, nitrogen fixation and enhances the variability of microbes (Saad, Kobaissi, Amiaud, Ruelle, & Benizri, 2018), characteristics that might explain the higher representativeness of this family in our study. It is also possible that the soil microbes found in the area might be highly adapted to the excess of toxic heavy metals, as the soil microbes activity can affect the fertility, carbon storages and growth patterns from the plants (Malik et al., 2018).

From the 249 species recorded, two (Trattinnickia ferruginea and Ocotea odorifera) are classified as endangered according to the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2019) and protected by the Brazilian law as priority for the conservation in the country (Brasil, 2008). The fact that we could found species that are protected by law at Morro das Almas reinforces the need to pay better care for this area. Morro das Almas hill has already been studied by MMX Mineração e Metálicos S.A., a company from the Eike Batista group, as a possible location to exploit minerals, but the business didn’t continue due to the fact that the company experienced a bankrupt. The fact that a mining company already had the license to exploit this region makes the need to study this place urgent. Since the State of Minas Gerais is already dealing with a series of environmental contamination due to the disrupts of the damn in Mariana and Brumadinho that killed two important rivers for the state (Rio Doce and Rio Paraopeba), it is vital to study and comprehend the flora from places with natural excess of heavy metal, using them as potencial phytoremediators and vegetation management projects for areas impacted by ore extractions (Ali, Kahn, & Sajad, 2013).

As our results demonstrate from the high number of species found on the area, it seems that the presence of serpentine soil is not enough to restrict the local flora biodiversity, which reinforces that there might be some anatomical and physiological adaptations on the plants from the studied community to deal with the environmental adversity provided by the high levels of iron-magnesium compounds found on the local soil. As those soils are only found in less than 1% of the Earth’s exposed surface (Vithanage, Rajapaksha, Oze, Rajakaruna, & Dissanayake, 2014), further investigations on the area might explore the biochemical, ecological and resistance to stress aspect of the plants (Echevarria et al., 2018) to help understand the functioning aspect of this single community. Investigating the relationships between the plants from serpentine areas and the soil might assist on phytostabilization projects, as it’s been successfully used in other countries (Boisson et al., 2018; Mizuno, Nakahara, Fujimori, & Yoshida, 2018).

Conclusion

Species substitution and environmental heterogeneity found in this study reinforce serpentine environments importance to conservation as they act as refugee to those species providing a specific habitat for the vegetation.

Acknowledgements

We thank Universidade Federal de Lavras and Departamento de Ciências Florestais for all their support. We thank Capes (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) for the concession of study scholarship. We also thank for our lab colleagues, especially Nay Alecrim, Paula Eveline and professor Carla Rodrigues Ribas, for collaborating on discussions. We thank Eduardo de Paiva Paula for his help with species identification and fieldwork. This paper was partially produced in PEC 527 - Scientific Publication, from Applied Ecology post-graduation discipline at UFLA. We also thank Professor Ludmila Guimarães for her enthusiasm and revision. We thank the two peer reviewers and the editor for their contributions on the manuscript.

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