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Tecoma stans. (Drawn by W. Roux, first published in Henderson (1995), ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria.)
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Tecoma stans (L.) Juss ex Kunth var. stans (Bignoniaceae), known as yellow bells, was introduced into South Africa as an ornamental plant and now invades roadsides, urban open spaces, watercourses and rocky sites in the subtropical and tropical areas of six South African provinces, and neighbouring countries. Although deemed to be an ‘emerging weed...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... stans (L.) Juss ex Kunth var. stans (Bignoniaceae) (Fig. 1), commonly known as yellow bells, is an evergreen shrub or small tree that has a wide natural distribution in the tropical and subtropical parts of central Mexico and South Florida, spreading southwards through Central America, the Caribbean and South America as far as northern Argentina (Gentry 1992). In Mexico, T. stans flowers have ...
Context 2
... stans ( Fig. 1) is a morphologically variable, densely-leafed shrub to small tree that is approxi- mately 2-6 m tall, occasionally up to 10 m in height and up to 25 cm in stem-diameter (Gentry 1992). Descriptions of the plant are provided by Pelton (1964), Gentry (1992), andHenderson (2001). The leaves are 100-200 mm long with a bright green adaxial ...
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Citations
... Es cultivada como especie ornamental en los trópicos y subtrópicos, por la vistosidad de sus flores; de igual forma es utilizada como barrera rompe viento y como cobertura para evitar el crecimiento de malezas. Sus hojas poseen efectos antidiabéticos y sus flores pueden ser empleadas como forraje de bajos porcentajes de nutrientes (Hoyos 1990;Madire et al. 2011). ...
... Requiere precipitaciones medias anuales de 700-1.800 mm (Francis 2004;Madire et al. 2011). Es polinizada por abejas y aves Se ha considerado una especie invasiva en algunas regiones de Suramérica Argentina, Brasil, Australia incluso Sudáfrica debido a su capacidad de dispersión, gracias a sus semillas aladas con alta tasa de germinación (Madire et al. 2011). ...
... mm (Francis 2004;Madire et al. 2011). Es polinizada por abejas y aves Se ha considerado una especie invasiva en algunas regiones de Suramérica Argentina, Brasil, Australia incluso Sudáfrica debido a su capacidad de dispersión, gracias a sus semillas aladas con alta tasa de germinación (Madire et al. 2011). Terminalia buceras (L.) C. Wright ...
El territorio venezolano posee una gran diversidad biológica y ecosistémica que lo posiciona como uno de los diez países megadiversos del mundo (Aguilera et al. 2003). Es por ello que a lo largo de su historia se han creado numerosas figuras de conservación y protección de áreas naturales, las cuales abarcan más de la mitad del territorio nacional, constituyendo un indicador inequívoco del compromiso que posee el país con la conservación de su biodiversidad (Aguilera et al. 2003; Plonczak y Rodríguez 2002; García y Silva 2014).
En este contexto, los jardines botánicos ocupan un lugar importante en la conservación y preservación de los recursos biológicos (Forero 1989), con el objetivo de representar, mantener y proteger colecciones ex situ de plantas nativas y exóticas, así como representaciones de ecosistemas valiosos con el fin de servir a propósitos educativos, paisajísticos, científicos, económicos y ambientales además de ofrecer una fuente de recreación (Castellano 2003). Venezuela cuenta con más de diez jardines botánicos alrededor del territorio nacional (Castellano 2003), donde muchos de ellos tienen una amplia trayectoria científica y reconocimiento internacional, incluyendo al JBM.
Este trabajo tiene el objetivo de enriquecer y actualizar el conocimiento sobre las colecciones en el Jardín Botánico de Mérida, fortalecer el músculo de la educación ambiental, haciendo énfasis en el componente arbóreo como elemento biológico fundamental de donde se sustentan a través de diversas interacciones otras formas de vida como arbustos, hierbas, plantas trepadoras, epífitas y fauna silvestre, además de ser fuente de materias primas, servicios ecosistémicos y poseer diversos usos arraigados a la cultura popular y ancestral.
En el catálogo presentado a continuación, el cual está dirigido al público en general, pero con mayor énfasis en estudiantes y visitantes que hacen vida en el JBM; se encuentran descritas las especies de árboles que forman parte de las colecciones en las áreas temáticas del Jardín Botánico de Mérida, incluyendo una breve descripción botánica, ecológica, distribución geográfica natural, ubicación dentro del JBM de cada individuo, usos más comunes entre otros datos relevantes. A su vez, esta investigación está complementada por una clave de identificación mediante caracteres vegetativos publicada por Medina et al. (2020).
... Another potential agent, Dibolia sp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a flea beetle feeding on roots, failed to establish in quarantine after it was brought into South Africa (Madire et al. 2011). A decade later, evaluation of another biocontrol agent Heikertingerella sp. was carried out to check the invasion of T. stans. ...
Tecoma stans is a widely distributed tall ornamental shrub in the plains of Indian subcontinent and is considered an invasive species across Argentina, Australia, South Africa, Pacific Islands and tropical regions of Asia. Besides having an ornamental significance, T. stans has been extensively investigated for its pharmaceutical applications as a source of bioactive compounds. In addition, the shrub is cultivated commercially as a potted flowering plant. We believe that T. stans , being a hardy, invasive and aggressively growing species, holds a considerable potential and a promising solution for re-greening waste and degraded lands outside its invasive range, due to its wider adaptability and drought tolerant characteristics. The shrub is an excellent source of pollen and nectar, that attracts diverse insect-pollinators and several species of birds. The prudent plantation of this shrub has the potential to restore the ecology of barren landscapes, that can change its perspective of ‘being invasive’ to ‘being ecologically healthy’ across the tropical, semi-arid and subtropical regions worldwide. This paper reviews the current updates on ecology, life cycle including morphology, plant growth characteristics, flowering phenology, reproductive biology, breeding system and fruiting of T. stans . In addition, details on insect-pollinator diversity and natural regeneration potential have also been discussed, besides highlighting its therapeutic and landscape use.
... ex Kunth var. stans (Bignoniaceae), also known as yellow bells, is a fast-growing small tree or shrub that produces thousands of viable light-weight papery seeds (Madire et al., 2011). It is native to Mexico, the southern states of the USA and throughout Central America, including the Caribbean region (Madire, 2013;Pelton, 1964). ...
... It is native to Mexico, the southern states of the USA and throughout Central America, including the Caribbean region (Madire, 2013;Pelton, 1964). Tecoma stans is invasive in several countries including South Africa, where it has been targeted for biological control since 2003 (Madire et al., 2011). A root-feeding flea beetle, Heikertingerella sp. ...
... Tecoma stans (L.) Juss ex Kunth var. stans (Bignoniaceae), commonly known as yellow bells, is an invasive shrub or small tree in South Africa and neighbouring countries that grows aggressively and typically forms multi-stemmed shrubs after clearing (Madire et al., 2011). The plant has a wide natural distribution in tropical and subtropical parts of the Western Hemisphere (Pelton, 1964). ...
... The plant has a wide natural distribution in tropical and subtropical parts of the Western Hemisphere (Pelton, 1964). In its native range in Central America, T. stans is associated with a wide range of herbivores, many of which have been considered as biological control agents (Madire et al., 2011;Madire & Netshiluvhi, 2021). The flea beetle Heikertingerella sp. ...
Age influences host-plant quality, which is a key determinant of the fitness of herbivorous insects and hence biological control agents of invasive plants. We assessed the effect of host-plant age on the performance of the root-feeding flea beetle Heikertingerella sp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), which was recently approved for release against the invasive tree Tecoma stans (L.) Juss ex Kunth var. stans (Bignoniaceae) in South Africa. Using similar-sized plants that were aged from one to three years, our aim was to determine an optimal host-plant age to facilitate mass-rearing of the beetle for impending releases. While significantly more F1 progeny were produced with increasing plant age, presumably due to larger root masses in progressively older plants, plant age did not influence the size of the F1 adults. There was no significant effect of plant age on the survival and percentage of leaves damaged by the P1 adults. Tecoma stans plants of all ages produced significantly fewer leaves when exposed to feeding by Heikertingerella sp. adults and their larval progeny, relative to the unexposed control plants. Irrespective of plant age, adults displayed higher feeding intensity on the younger leaves at the top sections of the plants than on the older leaves on the middle and bottom sections. Although plants of all three ages were suitable for adult feeding and survival in quarantine cultures, progressively older plants are best suited for F1 progeny production and therefore for the mass-rearing of Heikertingerella sp. for releases.
... The influence of invasive exotic species in these plots reflects the low average altitude of the individuals (5 meters) and the lower relative density among all plots (0.67%) ( Table 1). T. stans sprouts after drastic pruning and has a high potential to spread over extensive areas in Seasonal Semideciduous Forests; in addition, its allelopathic effect prevents the development of other species around it, which slows down the natural regeneration of the environment (Madire et al., 2011). ...
The mosaic landscape composition of forest fragments located on high slopes, shallow soils hinder ecological interactions and the survival of plant species. This study aimed to show, in an environment with these characteristics, the effect of the environmental gradient relating the soil, slope, and vegetation of a fragment of the Montane Seasonal Semideciduous Forest. The forest structure was sampled in 12 continuous rectangular plots, with 30 X 20m, totaling 0.72ha. Soil samples were taken by drilling every 20m along the hydrographic divisor and opening of three trenches used as soil sampling sites for in situ determination of soil color, horizon, and nutrients. Horizons were classified as O/A/Cr in the altered rock with a marked presence of gravels, and the soil was classified as Litholic Neosol. The area has a steep slope, from 18.05% to 36.99%. Linear regression analysis indicated an opposite pattern for species richness in relation to slope and a positive relationship between slope and the number of standing dead individuals. Species richness was also positively related to the distance from forest edges. The evaluation evidenced the strong influence of slope and human activities in forest remnant as common to several high-altitude remnants, and small conservation actions can guarantee their maintenance.
... Progress up to the late 1980s was reviewed by Morris (1991) and progress in the 1990s by Morris (1999) and Morris et al. (1999). Progress in the 2000s was incorporated in reviews that focused on individual target weeds and covered both arthropod and pathogen agents (Fourie 2011;Gordon & Fourie 2011;Heystek et al. 2011;Impson et al. 2011;Madire et al. 2011;McConnachie et al. 2011;Simelane et al. 2011a;2011b;Strathie et al. 2011;Urban et al. 2011;Zachariades et al. 2011). This review details progress from 2011 to 2020, focusing exclusively on pathogens. ...
The use of plant pathogens for biological control (biocontrol) of invasive alien plants in South Africa was reviewed in 1991, 1999 and 2011. In this review, subsequent progress and projects undertaken in the years 2011 to 2020, on both classical agents using exotic pathogens and inundative agents using indigenous pathogens, are detailed. We report on the impact of several previously introduced exotic fungi, monitored during this period. A significant highlight is the completion of 30 years of annual monitoring, from 1991 until 2020, of the impact of Uromycladium morrisii Doungsa-ard, McTaggart, Geering & RG Shivas (Raveneliaceae) on the density of Acacia saligna (Labill.) Wendel (Fabaceae), with declines of up to 98% recorded at monitored sites. Post-release monitoring also suggested that Entyloma ageratinae R.W. Barreto & H.C. Evans (Entylomataceae), introduced when Ageratina riparia (Regel) R.M.King & H.Rob (Asteraceae) still had a very limited invaded range in South Africa, has prevented the weed from realizing its potential as an invader. Uromycladium woodii Doungsa-ard, McTaggart, Geering & R.G. Shivas (Raveneliaceae) has been established on Paraserianthes lophantha (Willd.) I.C.Nielsen (Fabaceae), as has Puccinia xanthii Schwein (Pucciniaceae) on Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae). Prospodium transformans (Ellis & Everh.) Cummins (Raveneliaceae) failed to establish on Tecoma stans (L.) Juss ex Kunth var. stans (Bignoniaceae), while efforts to release Puccinia lantanae Farl. (Pucciniaceae) on Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) are underway. Of the established exotic pathogens that are classical biocontrol agents, two are considered to cause extensive damage, two considerable damage, and two moderate damage, to their target weeds. Puccinia arechavaletae Speg. (Pucciniaceae), an adventive fungus that is established on Cardiospermum grandiflorum Sw. (Sapindaceae) following an unknown path of introduction, is proving to be a damaging agent and the implications of its presence in the country are discussed. Early season augmentation of Puccinia eupatorii Dietel (Pucciniaceae) on Campuloclinium macrocephalum (Less.) DC. (Asteraceae) was tested to determine whether damage could be increased, but no difference in the rust's incidence and severity was evident between augmented and naturally infected plants at the end of the growth season. The identity of the indigenous fungus registered as Stumpout, for the control of coppice growth after felling of Acacia mearnsii De Wild. (Fabaceae), was confirmed as Cylindrobasidium torrendii (Bres.) Hjortstam (Physalacriaceae) rather than C. laeve (Pers.: Fr.) Chamuris, as previously thought. The application of another indigenous fungus, Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds (Glomerellaceae), by means of helicopter flights has facilitated its establishment on Hakea sericea Schrad. & J.C. Wendl (Proteaceae), in inaccessible mountainous terrain. For registration purposes, toxicity testing (oral rat LD50) of these indigenous fungi are required. Lethal doses of Cylindrobasidium torrendii, C. acutatum and Pseudolagarobasidium acaciicola Ginns (Phanerochaetaceae), the latter for use against Acacia cyclops G. Don. (Fabaceae), exceeded 2000 mg kg1 body weight and all three fungi are thus considered safe for application.
... Pseudonapomyza is divided into two groups, the most abundant and widespread of which is the P. atra group (Zlobin 2002a) (Figs 130,(833)(834)(835)(836)(837)(838)(839), which has an angulate first flagellomere (with at least one exception), the male mesophallus and distiphallus are distinctive, and larvae feed on Poaceae (Zlobin 2002a). The P. acanthacearum group may be paraphyletic (Zlobin 2002a), and it is restricted to Old World tropical regions, where species feed on Acanthaceae, Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae (Černý 2008) and Bignoniaceae (Madire et al. 2010). ...
Тhe agromyzid (Diptera: Schizophora: Agromyzidae) fauna of America north of Mexico is described in the first part of this publication, including a genus key and discussions on morphology, life history and classification. The second part is a species-level revision of the family in the “Delmarva” states of the United States of America, that is, of the District of Columbia and the surrounding states of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia. The fauna of this region includes 156 species.
This study presents 346 new state and provincial records and 23 new country records, two of which are new continental records ( Agromyza abiens Zetterstedt and A. apfelbecki Strobl). Liriomyza endiviae Hering is no longer considered to occur in North America. Fifteen species are newly described: Agromyza echinalis sp. nov. , Melanagromyza brunkei sp. nov. , M. eoflacensis sp. nov. , M. glyptos sp. nov. , M. rutella sp. nov. , Ophiomyia capitolia sp. nov. , O. cuprea sp. nov. , O. galiodes sp. nov. , O. heleios sp. nov. , O. kalia sp. nov. , O. laticolis sp. nov. , Cerodontha (Poemyza) ungula sp. nov. , Phytomyza avicursa sp. nov. , P. catenula sp. nov. , and P. winkleri sp. nov. Four new species-level synonyms and one genus-level synonym are provided: Agromyza marmorensis Spencer syn. nov. is included as a synonym of A. aristata Malloch; Melanagromyza fastosa Spencer, syn. nov. is included as a junior synonym of Ophiomyia tiliae (Couden); Melanagromyza verbesinae Spencer is considered a synonym of M. vernoniana Steyskal; Phytomyza ranunculoides Spencer, syn. nov. is included as a junior synonym of Phytomyza loewii Hendel; the genus Liomycina Enderlein, syn. nov. is included as a junior synonym of Phytobia Lioy. Ophiomyia ultima (Spencer), comb. nov. is recombined from Melanagromyza . Euhexomyza albicula Spencer, stat. reinst. , comb. nov. is resurrected from synonymy with E. winnemanae (Malloch). New host records are given.
... Mada polluta has since established and become abundant at a few sites in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) and the Eastern Cape (EC) provinces, while very small populations of Pseudonapomyza sp. have been recorded in KZN, EC, Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces. Due to the severity of T. stans invasions in South Africa, it has been argued that a suite of agents is required to attack various parts of the plant, including the root system and the reproductive organs (Madire et al. 2011a). The Mexican root-feeding flea beetle Heikertingerella sp. ...
Despite potential negative interactions between biological control agents, the release of multiple agents against invasive alien weeds is often justified. The leaf-feeding beetle Mada polluta Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), released against Tecoma stans (L.) Juss ex Kunth var. stans in South Africa, has so far been unable to contain the weed. Consequently, the root-feeding flea beetle Heikertingerella sp. (Coleoptera: Galerucinae) was introduced to complement M. polluta. The effects of the interaction between the two beetles on their performance and on the target weed were studied on potted T. stans plants in a quarantine glasshouse to assess whether they were additive, synergistic or negative. There was no significant difference in the percentage survival of the P1 adults of either beetle when tested alone or in combination. Mada polluta produced significantly more F1 adult progeny than Heikertingerella sp. when tested alone, while both beetles produced significantly fewer offspring when tested in combination. Leaf damage by M. polluta alone was higher than that caused by Heikertingerella sp. alone, but in combination was not significantly higher than damage by M. polluta alone. Although both beetles on their own caused a significant reduction in leaf density relative to the control, leaf density was significantly lower when in combination. Despite significant reductions in plant height relative to the control, the differences between the three beetle treatments were not significant. Although competitive interactions caused a trade-off between agent proliferation and their impact on the growth of T. stans, these data need to be confirmed in the field.
... No obstante, ha sido introducida en Suráfrica donde es considerada como invasora. Esta especie presenta una distribución altitudinal que va desde 0 hasta 2800 msnm, en lugares con una precipitación anual entre 250 y 2000 mm (Rocas et al., 2010;Dirzo et al., 2011;Madire et al., 2011;Rojas y Torres, 2012). Esta especie de habito arbustivo o arbóreo puede presentar tolerancia a bajas concentración de sales, vientos fuertes, condiciones de sequía y estados de sucesión temprana en suelos arcillosos y rocosos bien drenados (Pelton, 1964;Lohmann, 2006;Orwa et al, 2009;). ...
Forest fires are frequent disturbances in tropical dry forests that influence the ecological processes and ecosystem services they provide. These can alter the viability of the seeds present in the edaphic bank, reducing their germination potential and the subsequent emergence of seedlings, which are key processes for the regeneration of the natural forest. In this work, the effect of temperatures presented during forest fires in the seed bank on nine representative species of the tropical dry forest were evaluated. My main objective was to quantify the viability and germination potential of the seed bank so that the effectiveness of these species can be identified in programs of conservation and restoration of dry forests with recurrent fires. I observed that Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Cordia alba, Crescentia cujete, Enterolobium cyclocarpium, Hura crepitans, and Lonchocarpus cf. violaceus may tolerate the conditions of low intensity forest fires; however, only H. crepitans may resist higher temperatures which are typical of high- intensity fires. In contrast, the species Pithecellobium dulce, Tabebuia rosea and Tecoma stans turned out to be highly vulnerable to high temperatures related to the effect of fire, so their seed banks could disappear due to forest fires. In conclusion, the priority use of C. pulcherrima, E. cyclocarpium, C. alba, C. cujete, L. cf. violaceus and H. crepitans in programs of ecological restoration of dry forests with a high incidence of forest fires, due to these species might generate seed banks that guarantee the continuity of their populations.
... This species produces large quantities of seeds dispersed by the wind (Pelton, 1964), mainly in dry seasons (Rojas-Rodríguez & Torres-Córdoba, 2012). While the species is used to reforest degraded sites (Chízmar, De Gracia, & Hoyos, 2015;Otsamo, Adjers, Hadi, Kuusipalo, & Vuokko, 1997), it is considered highly invasive in many places where it has been introduced as an ornamental or medicinal plant (Da Silva, Reis, & Reis, 2008;Lorenzi, 2000;Madire, Wood, Williams, & Neser, 2011;Reis et al., 2014;Ziller, 2001). T. stans is typical of dry forests in a relatively early successional state or in places dominated by subxerophytic scrub vegetation and in welldrained and/or rocky soils, although it may also be found in areas of pre-mountain and mountain rainforest (Pelton, 1964). ...
Seed germination and seed longevity under different environmental conditions are fundamental to understand the ecological dynamics of a species, since they are decisive for its success within the ecosystem. Taking this into account, seed germination and seed storage behavior of a pioneer species of tropical dry forest (Tecoma stans) were studied in the laboratory, to establish the effect of different environmental conditions on a local tree population. Two seed lots collected in July 2011, from Cali (Colombia), were evaluated under three alternating temperatures (20/30, 20/25, 25/30 ºC; 16/8 h) and four light qualities (12-hour white light photoperiod, darkness, and 15 minutes of red light -R and far red light -FR). Final germination was recorded for all treatments; for white light treatment the daily germination was recorded to calculate mean germination rate, mean germination time, and two synchronization indices. To assess the effect of light quality on physiological variables, a destructive germination test was carried out. For this test, another seed lot was evaluated under the same light conditions using an alternating temperature of 20/30 °C - 16/8 h, recording germination during six days for every treatment. In addition, seeds were stored at two different moisture contents (7.7, 4.1 %) and three storage temperatures (20, 5, -20 ºC), during two time periods (one and three months); a seed germination test was conducted for each treatment. Four replicates of 35 seeds per treatment were used for all experiments. Germination was high (GP > 90 %) with all alternating temperatures under white light, whereas under R, FR, and darkness germination was evenly successful at low temperatures, but at higher temperature, half of the seeds entered into secondary dormancy (GP= 45-65 %). However, mean germination rate and synchronization under R and FR decreased significantly in comparison to white light treatment and, consequently, mean germination time increased. Seed storage behavior of this species is orthodox due to the high germination (GP > 90 %) obtained under all treatments. In conclusion, T. stans seeds have a negative germination response at high incubation temperatures in the absence of white light, entering into a secondary dormancy. In contrast, an environment with a lower temperature and without white light delays the germination, but at the end seeds are able to reach the same germination values. This seed dependence on incident light in limiting conditions suggests a physiological mechanism on the seed tissues of this species, probably mediated by phytochromes. Finally, the orthodox seed storage behavior of T. stans is a reason to include this species in ex situ seed conservation programs for restoration and recovery of the tropical dry forest; however, long-term studies should be conducted in order to
evaluate the maintenance of this characteristic throughout longer periods of time.
