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Investigation and documentation of hybridization between Parkinsonia aculeata and Cercidium praecox (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae)

Authors:
Julie A. Hawkins at University of Reading
Julie A. Hawkins
Laura White at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM)
Laura White
Colin Hughes at University of Zurich
Colin Hughes
José Luis Regino Contreras-Jiménez at Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
José Luis Regino Contreras-Jiménez
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Abstract

Morphometric, cytogenetic, geographical and ecological evidence for hybridization betweenParkinsonia aculeata andCercidium praecox is presented. Morphometric investigation using the character count procedure and cytogenetic observations confirm hybrid status. All diagnostic morphometric characters were intermediate in the hybrid. Both parents (2n = 28) show regular tetrad formation and pollen fertility greater than 94%. Hybrids have a chromosome number of 2n = 28 or 2n = 30, and display meiotic abnormalities including lagging chromosomes and micronucleus formation; less than 21% of hybrid pollen was fertile. Ecological and geographical information suggests that hybridization is occurring at increasing frequency due to the expanding range ofP. aculeata associated with cultivation as an ornamental, coupled with ecological disturbance and weediness, and the cultivation ofC. praecox and hybrids as fodder, ornamental and shade trees. Hybrid fertility and phenological observations, in conjunction with F-weighted principal component analysis, suggest that the progeny of F1 hybrids are established. The hybrid is formally described asP. ×carterae.
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... As ilustrações foram confeccionadas a partir do material coletado e herborizado, as estruturas florais passaram pelo processo de hidratação e foram ilustradas com auxílio de um estereomicroscópio. (Adamoli et al. 1972;Hueck 1972;Prado et al. 1992;Spichiger et al., 1991;Fernandez 2003) são mencionados como característicos do Chaco, com o último táxon ocorrendo em áreas disjuntas na América (Hawkins et al. 1999). Bauhinia hagenbeckii e Caesalpinia paraguariensis são mencionados somente para a região sudoeste de Mato Grosso do Sul (Dubs 1998;Prado et al. 1992;Wuderlin 1968;Vaz & Tozzi 2005), indicando possivelmente distribuição restrita ao Chaco. ...
... Árvores ou arbustos (Hawkins et al. 1999;Lewis et al. 2005); folhas bipinadas, folíolos pequenos e caducos; racemos paucifloros; legumes deiscentes sem elasticidade (Bacigalupo 1987). Parkinsonia apresenta cerca de 11-12 espécies distribuídas nas Américas e África, em regiões tropicais e subtropicais, nos ambientes áridos, sazonalmente secos, semideserto, costas de dunas e planícies inundáveis. ...
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Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2009
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Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2021
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... Young plants are spiny for the first few years, and then begin to produce few-spined to essentially spineless cladodes. FABACEAE Julie Hawkins and associates considered Cercidium to be a synonym of Parkinsonia based on phylogenetic studies which show Cercidium species nested with Parkinsonia (Hawkins 1996;Hawkins et al. 1999;Hughes et al. 2003). We provide new combinations for two taxa that have not been transferred from Cercidium to Parkinsonia. ...
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Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2017
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Article
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  • EVOLUTION
I examined three aspects of the cladistic treatment of a set of 17 F1 hybrids of known parental origin: (1) impact of hybrids on consistency index (CI) and number of most parsimonious trees (Trees), (2) placement of hybrids in cladograms, and (3) impact of hybrids on hypotheses of relationship among species. The hybrids were added singly and in randomly selected sets of two to five to a data set composed of Central American species of Aphelandra (including the parents of all hybrids). Compared to analyses with the same number of OTUs all of which were species, the analyses with hybrids yielded results with significantly higher CI. There was no difference in Trees between analyses with hybrids versus species. There was thus no evidence that hybrids would appear to be more problematic for cladistic methods than species. Accordingly, hybrids will not be readily identifiable as taxa that cause marked change in these indices. About % of the hybrids were placed as the cladistically basal members of the lineage that included the most apomorphic parent. Relatively apomorphic hybrids were placed proximate to the most derived parent (ca. 13% of hybrids). Other placements occurred more rarely. The most frequent placements of hybrids thus did not distinguish them from normal intermediate or apomorphic taxa. When analyses with hybrids yielded multiple most parsimonious trees, these were no more different from each other than were the equally parsimonious trees that resulted from analyses with species. Most analyses with one or two hybrids resulted in minor or no change in topology. When hybrids caused topological change, they frequently caused rearrangements of weakly supported portions of the cladogram that did not include their parents. When they disrupted the cladistic placement of their parents, they often caused their parents to change positions, with at least one topology bringing the parental lineages into closer proximity with the hybrid placed between them. Hybrids between parents from the two main lineages of the group caused total cladistic restructuring. In fact, the degree of relationship between a hybrid's parents (measured by both cladistic and patristic distance) was strongly correlated with CI (negatively) and with the degree of disturbance to cladistic relationships (positively). Thus, hybrids between distantly related parents resulted in cladograms with low CI and major topological changes. This study suggests that hybrids are unlikely to cause breakdown of cladistic structure unless they are between distantly related parents. However, these results also indicate that cladistics may not be specially useful in distinguishing hybrids from normal taxa. The applicability of these results to other kinds of hybrids is examined and the likely cladistic treatment of hybrids using other sources of data is discussed.
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HYBRIDS AND PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS I. PATTERNS OF CHARACTER EXPRESSION IN HYBRIDS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR CLADISTIC ANALYSIS
Article
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Interspecific hybridization is considered common among plants, but the methods of cladistic systematics produce only divergently branching phylogenetic hypotheses and thus cannot give the correct phylogeny if an analysis includes hybrids. Empirical studies of the impact of known hybrids on phylogenetic analysis are lacking, and are necessary to begin to understand the problems that we face if hybrids are often included in cladistic analysis. Examination of the implications of hybrids for cladistics must begin with patterns of character expression in hybrids. This study includes 17 hybrids and their nine parental taxa that are Central American species of Aphelandra (Acanthaceae), analyzed using a set of 50 morphological characters. The hybrids are overwhelmingly intermediate as quantitatively scored for phylogenetic analysis. They express maternal and paternal, and primitive and derived characters in equal frequencies, showing no evidence of predominant inheritance of derived character states as has been assumed by most cladists who have considered hybrids theoretically. Because of their known genetic constitution, hybrids were useful in homology assessment and ordering character states. The parental character set was generally robust, but some changes were made to reflect the special evidence offered by the hybrids. These hybrids suggest that the inclusion of hybrids in phylogenetic analysis will not lead to unresolved cladograms with rampant homoplasy, as has been predicted by other authors. Instead, the patterns of character inheritance in these hybrids lead to the prediction that a hybrid will be placed by phylogenetic analysis as a basal lineage to the clade that includes its most derived parent, with relatively little effect on homoplasy. These predictions will be evaluated by incorporation of the hybrids in phylogenetic analyses, to be reported in a subsequent paper.
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