Checklist of Galapagos Flowering Plants

Jaramillo Díaz, P., Guézou, A., Mauchamp, A., Tye, A. (2017).
CDF Checklist of Galapagos Flowering Plants - FCD Lista de especies de

Plantas con flores Galápagos. In: Bungartz, F., Herrera, H., Jaramillo, P., Tirado, N., Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G., Ruiz, D., Guézou, A. & Ziemmeck,
F. (eds.). Charles Darwin Foundation Galapagos Species Checklist - Lista de Especies de Galápagos de la Fundación Charles Darwin. Charles
Darwin Foundation / Fundación Charles Darwin, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos:
http://darwinfoundation.org/datazone/checklists/vascular-plants/magnoliophyta/ Last updated: 04 Jul 2017
CDF Checklist of Galapagos Flowering Plants
Patricia Jaramillo Díaz, Anne Guézou, André Mauchamp, Alan Tye
Last updated: 04 Jul 2017
Abstract
This Checklist of Galapagos Flowering Plants includes a total of all 1549 taxa reported from the Galapagos Islands.
For each name, detailed information is provided: its Galapagos distribution in islands groups or bioregions generated from the
specimen records, comments about the taxonomy (especially synonyms), the origin (native and introduced), taxon status (accepted
vs. rejected records) and relevant literature references.
Introduction
This publication lists all species of Galapagos Flowering Plants currently known.
Magnoliophyta are also called angiosperms or flowering plants. They can be distinguished from other seed
plants because of their flowers composed of sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
Angiosperms can be divided into the following general groups:
• Primitive angiosperms include families such as the Nymphaeaceae, Magnoliaceae, Annonaceae,
Piperaceae, Lauraceae, Aristolochiaceae.
• Monocots are characterized by an embryo with only one cotyledon, a pollen grain opening with a single pore,
leaves with parallel venation, and vascular bundles irregularly dispersed throughout the stem. The majority
have flowers organized in sets of three.
• Eudicots or true dicots have an embryo with two cotyledons, a pollen grain with three pores, leaves with
reticulate venation, and vascular bundles organized within rings in their stem. The majority have flowers
organized in sets of five.
The angiosperms include approximately 257,000 extant species, which represents almost 90% of all known
terrestrial plants.
This group encompasses an enormous morphological diversity (e.g., herbs, shrubs, trees, vines), they occupy
almost all ecological niches in terrestrial environments, quite a few species are also well adapted to aquatic
ecosystems. Their highest diversity is found in the humid tropics, where they dominate the landscape.
Many species of angiosperms are economically very important as they represent the major part of foods
consumed by humans, and are used in many plant-derived products.
Methods
This checklist of all known Galapagos Flowering Plants is automatically generated using the online database of the Charles Darwin
Foundation Galapagos Species Checklist.
All CDF Galapagos Species Checklists represent the synthesis of many different records: literature citations, data from previously
unpublished reports (grey literature), specimen records of natural history collections located in Galapagos and all over the world. To
the best of their knowledge authors of the individual checklists revised all available data. When new information becomes available,
the taxonomy of a group changes or new species are discovered, the CDF online database and thus this publication becomes
updated.
For many poorly known species groups the higher taxonomic classification still regularly changes according to how our knowledge
about species being related changes. In many well known groups the phylogeny is somewhat stable, but to avoid confusion, in
particular for groups where taxonomic changes are frequent, all checklists presented here are sorted alphabetical according to genus
name and specific epithet. Please refer to the website for the currently accepted taxonomic hierarchy of each group.
Please be aware that the distribution presented here is automatically generated from specimen records and does not always
accurately reflect the known distribution for all species.
For marine species, the distribution generally refers to the five main bioregions of the archipelago (Far Northern, Northern, Western,
South Eastern and the Elisabeth Bay Bioregion). For the terrestrial species more than 120 islands, islets and small rocks have been
aggregated into Islands Groups, thus, for example, the island group "Santa Cruz" includes smaller islands like Santa Fé, Plaza Norte,
Plaza Sur, Baltra, Daphne Mayor, Daphne Minor, and others.
IUCN red-list assessments presented here may deviate from the global IUCN list for the following reasons:
• for well known species groups like vascular plants or vertebrates updates proposed to the IUCN are shown instead of the
outdated, but currently accepted status;
• for poorly known species groups (e.g., lichenized fungi) a general assessment is currently not possible and the list presented here
is a regional red-list list for Galapagos archipelago.
Numbers of the species included in this list are auto-generated. Adding up the number of species in each category will not always
equal the total number indicated. Some species have insufficient data to be categorized while others (e.g., category eradicated) will
not be included in the total.
Results
Names of taxa included in this checklist: 1549 (1349 accepted, 5 species with infraspecific taxa, 8 unidentified taxon, 15 doubtful,
58 problematic), 114 rejected.
Origin of the taxa included: 100 accidental, 576 cultivated, 2 eradicated, 147 escaped, 1 intercepted, 36 questionable accidental, 56
questionable native, 245 endemic, 234 indigenous, 7 questionable endemic.
1. Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.

Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Hibiscus esculentus L.
Origin: Introduced, Cultivated.
Galapagos Distribution: Unknown.
References: Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
2. Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik.

Syn.: Hibiscus manihot L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
3. Abrus precatorius L.
Syn.: Abrus abrus (L.) W. Wight
Origin: Introduced, Escaped.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Santa Cruz.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
4. Abutilon anderssonianum Garcke

Taxon status: Taxonomic status unresolved or unrevised.
Unresolved nomenclature as of 09-Aug-2011 fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010).
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1858), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862),
Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
5. Abutilon depauperatum (Hook. f.) Andersson ex Robinson

(2010). Syn.: Sida depauperata Hook. f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010)
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, Pinzón, San
Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Grant, P.R. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Kearney, T.H. et al. (1952), Robinson, B.L.
et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
6. Abutilon dianthum C. Presl.

Syn.: Abutilon sylvaticum (Cav.) K. Schum.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L.
et al. (1971).
7. Abutilon sp. 1
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
8. Acacia caven (Molina) Molina
Syn.: Acacia cavenia Hook. & Arn. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Hooker, J.D.
et al. (1847), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
9. Acacia insulae-iacobi Riley

Syn.: Vachellia insulae-iacobi (Riley) Seigler & Ebinger fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
Botanical Garden (2010)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
10. Acacia macracantha Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.

Syn.: Acacia flexuosa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010). In Hooker (1847) and Andersson (1855) as Acacia flexuosa Kunth.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, R. et al.
(2009), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al.
(1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Quintana, M.C. et al.
(2010), Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
11. Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile

Syn.: Mimosa nilotica L., Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb. Acacia nilotica is generally accepted
as a single, extremely variable species, divided into nine subspecies.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Agriculture & Resource Management Council et al. (2000), Bolton, M. P. et al. (1985), Bolton,
M.P. et al. (1987), Brenan JPM et al. (1983), Browne FG et al. (1968), Brunck F et al. (1994), Carter JO et al.
(1994), Dhileepan, K et al. (2009), Dhileepan, K. et al. (2006), Gardener, M.R. et al. (2010), Gargominy, O. et
al. (1996), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Kunjithapatham
Dhileepan et al. (2013), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Le Houerou HN et al. (1980), Lockett, C. J. et al. (2003),
Lockettb, C.J. et al. (2012), Mackey, A.P. et al. (1998), Mackey, A.P. et al. (1996), McMullen, C.K. et al.
(1999), Mohyuddin A. et al. (1981), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Rentería, J. L. et al. (2007), Roberts H. et al.
(1969), Sarah Reichard et al. (2009), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Sheik M.I. et al. (1989), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Weber E. et al. (2003), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
12. Acacia rorudiana Christoph.

Syn.: Acacia tortuosa var. glabrior Hook. f., Vachellia rorudiana (Christoph.) Seigler & Ebinger fide Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
Origin: Native, Questionable Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Blake, S. et al. (2011), Christophersen,
E. et al. (1932), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
13. Acalypha abingdonii Seberg

Galapagos Distribution: Marchena, Pinta.
References: Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Seberg, O. et al. (1984), Tropicos.org.
et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000).
14. Acalypha aff. sericea Anderss.

Taxon status: The identification of this taxon or its occurrence in Galapagos is doubtful.
The speciman described by Svenson "most closely resembles Snodgrass and Heller no. 540 from Chatham
island which Dr. Robinson (p. 163) questionably places under A albemarlensis".
Origin: No Data.
References: Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935).
15. Acalypha flacida Hook.f.

In Andersson (1855) as Acalypha flaccida.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Davis, S. et al. (1987), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Robinson, B.L.
et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Seberg, O. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
Webster, G.L. et al. (1970), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
16. Acalypha hispida Burm. f.

Syn.: Ricinocarpus hispidus (Burm. f.) Kuntze.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
17. Acalypha integrifolia ssp. marginata (Poir.) Coode

Syn.: Acalypha marginata (Poir.) Spreng. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010)
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010).
18. Acalypha parvula var. chathamensis (Robinson) Webster

Syn.: Acalypha chathamensis Robinson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010)
References: Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Seberg, O. et al. (1984),
Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Webster, G.L. et al. (1970), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
19. Acalypha parvula var. parvula Hook. f.

Syn.: Acalypha albemarlensis, A. cordifolia, A. diffusa, A. spicata Andersson fide Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Mauchamp, A. et al. (1995), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Seberg, O. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Webster, G.L. et al. (1970),
20. Acalypha parvula var. reniformis (Hook. f.) Müll. Arg.

Syn.: Acalypha adamsii Robinson, A. reniformis Hook.f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Webster, G.L. et al.
(1970), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
21. Acalypha parvula var. strobilifera (Hook. f.) Müll. Arg.

Syn.: Acalypha strobilifera Hook. f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Webster, G.L. et al.
(1970), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
22. Acalypha sericea Andersson

Syn.: Acalypha sericea var. sericea Andersson.
Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Seberg, O. et al. (1984), Stewart, A.
et al. (1911), Webster, G.L. et al. (1970).
23. Acalypha sericea var. baurii (B.L. Rob. & Greenm.) G.L. Webster
Syn.: Acalypha baurii B.L. Rob. & G.L. Greenm. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010)
References: Itow, S. et al. (1997), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Seberg, O. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1977), Webster, G.L. et al.
(1970), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
24. Acalypha velutina Hook.f.

Syn: Acalypha velutina var. minor Hook.f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010).
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Davis, S. et al. (1987), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Robinson, B.L.
et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Seberg, O. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
Webster, G.L. et al. (1970), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
25. Acalypha wigginsii G.L. Webster

IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Atkinson, R. et al. (2008), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Seberg, O. et al. (1984),
Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Webster, G.L. et al. (1970), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
26. Acalypha wilkesiana Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Acalypha amentacea subsp. wilkesiana (Müll.Arg.) Fosberg
References: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010).
27. Acanthospermum microcarpum Robinson

Origin: Introduced, Questionable Native.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Blake, S.F. et al. (1921), Jørgensen, P.M.
et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al.
(1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
28. Achillea millefolium L.

Syn.: Achillea alpicola (Rydb.) Rydb.
29. Achyranthes aspera L.

Syn.: Centrostachys indica (L.) Standl.
Origin: Introduced, Accidental.
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U.H. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E.
et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1977).
30. Acmella ciliata (HBK) Cassini

Syn.: Acmella fimbriata (Kunth) Cass.
Origin: Introduced, Questionable Accidental.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
31. Acmella darwinii (Porter) Jansen

Syn.: Spilanthes darwinii Porter, S. diffusa Hook.f., S. diffusa var. minor fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew &
Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Jansen, R.K. et al. (1985), Jørgensen,
P.M. et al. (1999), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1978), Royal
(1971).
32. Acmella sodiroi (Hieron.) R.K. Jansen

Syn.: Spilanthes sodiroi Hieron. In Galapagos literature, including Andersson (1855), Robinson (1902),
Stewart (1911) and Wiggins & Porter (1971) as Spilanthes acmell.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jansen, R.K. et al. (1985), Jørgensen,
P.M. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
(2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
33. Acnistus insularis Robinson

Unresolved nomenclature as of 08-Jul-2011 fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010). Wiggins & Porter (1971) cite Acnistus ellipticus (=Iochroma ellipticum) as the accepted name of this
taxon.
Origin: No Data.
References: Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
34. Acorus gramineus Aiton

Syn.: Acorus gramineus var. pusillus (Siebold) Engl.
35. Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang & A.R. Ferguson
Syn.: Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa (A. Chev.) A. Chev.
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
36. Adenostemma platyphyllum Cass.

Syn.: Adenostemma lavenia
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Lawesson, J.E. et
al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
37. Aeonium sp. 1
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010).
38. Agave americana L.

Syn.: Agave complicata Trel. ex Ochot.
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Gentry, H.S. et al. (1982), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1998), Quintana, C. et al. (2016), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
39. Agave angustifolia var. marginata hort. ex Gentry

References: Gentry, H.S. et al. (1982), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
40. Agave attenuata Salm-Dyck

Syn.: Agave glaucescens Hook.
References: Gentry, A.H. et al. (1982), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
41. Ageratum conyzoides L.

Syn.: Ageratum latifolium Cav., Ageratum conyzoides var. inaequipaleaceum
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987),
Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Hamann, O. et al. (1984), Heleno, R. et al. (2011),
Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jäger, H. et al. (2007), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), McMullen,
C.K. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et
al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Van
Leeuwen, J.F. et al. (2008), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
42. Ageratum latifolium (Benth.) Hemsl.

Acc. name: Ageratum microcephalum (Benth.) Hemsl.. Neither A. latifolium nor A. microcephalum (Benth.)
Hemsl. appear in Wiggins & Porter (1971) or any other Galapagos literature. However, Wiggins & Porter cite
Ageratum latifolium Cav. (distinct from the illegitimate A. latifolium (Benth) Hemsl) as a synonym of A.
conyzoides L.
Origin: No Data.
References: Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1968).
43. Aglaonema commutatum Schott

Syn.: Aglaonema marantifolium var. commutatum (Schott) Engl.
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
44. Albizia guachapele (Kunth) Dugand

Syn.: Pseudosamanea guachapele (Kunth) Harms fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010)
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Prado Erazo, G.E. et al. (1986), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
45. Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.

Syn.: Aleurites triloba J.R.Forst. & G.Forst fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010).
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
46. Allamanda cathartica L.

Syn.: Allamanda aubletii Pohl
47. Allamanda schottii Pohl

Syn.: Allamanda brasiliensis Schott ex Pohl
48. Allium cepa L.

Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), CONABIO et al. (2009), Flores, E. et al. (1985),
Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Reck, G. et al. (1986), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001),
Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
49. Allium fistulosum L.

Syn.: Allium wakegi Araki. Reference in Lawesson (1990) probably based on specimen CDS 4210, P.S.
Bentley 497, which is a specimen of A. cepa (spring onion).
References: Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1990), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
50. Allium porrum L.

References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010),
51. Allium sativum L.

Syn.: Allium pekinense Prokhanov
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Black, J. et al. (1973), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010),
Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
52. Allium schoenoprasum L.

Syn.: Allium schoenoprasum var. laurentianum Fernald
53. Alocasia cucullata (Lour.) G. Don.

Syn.: Arum cucullatum Lour.
54. Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don.

Syn.: Alocasia plumbea Van Houtte, A. grandis N.E.Br. (Illegitimate) fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew &
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
55. Alocasia micholitziana Sander

56. Alocasia sanderiana hort. ex W. Bull

57. Aloe arborescens Mill.

Syn.: Aloe arborescens var. frutescens Link
58. Aloe aristata Haw.

References: Gibbs, G.E. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
59. Aloe cooperi Baker

60. Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.

Syn.: Aloe barbadensis
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Fryxell, P. et al. (1979),
Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995).
61. Aloysia triphylla Royle
Syn.: Lippia citriodora (Lam.) Kunth.
62. Alpinia nutans (L.) Roscoe

63. Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum.

Syn.: Guillainia purpurata Vieill.
64. Alpinia vittata W. Bull

Syn.: Alpinia sanderae Sander fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
65. Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm.

Syn.: Alpinia nutans
66. Alternanthera caracasana Kunth

Syn.: Alternanthera peploides (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Urb.
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U.H. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
67. Alternanthera echinocephala (Hook. f.) Christoph.

Syn.: Brandesia echinocephala Hook. f., Telanthera argentea Andersson, T. argentea var. robustior
Andersson, T. argentea var. nudiflora Andersson, T. argentea var. bracteata Andersson, T. echinocephala
(Hook. f.) Moq. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé,
Santiago.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987),
Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Eliasson, U. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U. et al. (1966), Guerrero, A. et al.
(2009), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Howell, J.T. et al. (1933), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), McMullen, C.K. et al.
(1987), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975),
Sequeira, A.S. et al. (2000), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
68. Alternanthera filifolia ssp. filifolia (Hook. f.) Howell

Syn.: Achyranthes hookeri Standl., Bucholtzia filifolia Hook. f., Telanthera filifolia (Hook. f.) Moq. fide
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa
Fé, Santiago.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
69. Alternanthera filifolia ssp. glauca Howell

Galapagos Distribution: Española, Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Howell, J.T. et al. (1933), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
70. Alternanthera filifolia ssp. glaucescens Eliasson

Syn: Bucholtzia glaucescens Hook. f., Telanthera glaucescens Moq., T. strictiuscula Anderss., Telanthera
angustata Andersson fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Howell, J.T.
et al. (1933), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1895), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
71. Alternanthera filifolia ssp. microcephala Eliasson

Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U. et al. (1970), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
72. Alternanthera filifolia ssp. nudicaulis (Hook. f.) Eliasson

Syn.: Alternanthera nudicaulis (Hook.f.) Christophersen, Bucholtzia nudicaulis Hook. f., Telanthera
nudicaulis Moq. fide Wiggins & Porter (1971) non Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010).
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932),
Eliasson, U. et al. (1970), Howell, J.T. et al. (1933), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999),
Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
73. Alternanthera filifolia ssp. pintensis Eliasson

Galapagos Distribution: Pinta.
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1970), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter,
D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
74. Alternanthera filifolia ssp. rabidensis Eliasson

Galapagos Distribution: Pinzón, Santiago.
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1970), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter,
75. Alternanthera flavicoma (Andersson) Howell

Syn.: Telanthera flavicoma Andersson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Isabela, San Cristóbal.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Eliasson, U. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U.
et al. (1966), Howell, J.T. et al. (1933), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), León-Yánez, S. et
al. (2011), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
76. Alternanthera galapagensis (Stewart) Howell
Syn.: Telanthera galapagensis Stewart fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1989), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), Royal
(1971).
77. Alternanthera halimifolia (Lam.) Standl. ex Pittier

Syn.: Telanthera frutescens Moq.; Jørgensen & León-Yánez (1999) list A. tomentosa but not A. halimifolia
for Galapagos, probably owing to confusion over synonymy and misidentified specimens at QCA. See also
Eliasson (1990).
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Eliasson, U. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U. et al.
(1990), Itow, S. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999),
McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Schofield, E.K. et al.
(1984), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
78. Alternanthera helleri (Robinson) Howell

Syn.: Telanthera helleri Robinson, T. helleri var. obtusior Robinson, fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew &
Galapagos Distribution: Darwin, Wolf.
References: Howell, J.T. et al. (1933), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011),
Mauchamp, A. et al. (1995), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
79. Alternanthera mexicana (Schltdl.) Hieron.

Syn.: Alternanthera lanceolata, A. lehmannii
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U. et al. (1972), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Porter, D.M. et al.
(1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
80. Alternanthera nesiotes Johnst.

IUCN Red List: Endangered.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Atkinson, R. et al. (2008), Eliasson, U. et al. (1989), Howell, J.T. et
al. (1933), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Johnston, I.M. et al. (1923), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E.
et al. (1987), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), Mauchamp, A. et al. (1998), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
81. Alternanthera pubiflora (Benth.) Kuntze

Syn.: Brandesia pubiflora Benth.
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U. et al. (1985), Eliasson, U. et al. (1990), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
82. Alternanthera radicata Hook. f.

According to Wiggins & Porter (1971), Alternanthera radicata is a synonym of Lithophila radicata (Hook. f.)
Standl.; according to Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010), L. radicata is a
synonym of A. radicata.
Origin: No Data.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1858), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847),
Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), St. John, H. et al. (1937), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971).
83. Alternanthera rugulosa (B.L. Rob.) Howell

Syn.: Telanthera rugulosa B.L. Rob. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1989), Estupiñan, I. et al. (1985), Howell, J.T. et al. (1933), Jørgensen, P.M.
et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A.
et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
84. Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br.

Syn.: Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) P. Beauv.
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U.H. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E.
85. Alternanthera snodgrassii (Robinson) Howell

Syn.: Telanthera snodgrassi Robinson. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010)
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), León-Yánez, S. et
86. Alternanthera sp. 1

87. Alternanthera tenella Colla

Syn.: Bucholzia brachiata Schrad. ex Moq.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1985), Eliasson, U. et al. (1990), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
88. Alternanthera vestita (Andersson) Howell

Syn.: Telanthera vestita Andersson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1966), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et
al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
89. Amaranthus anderssonii Howell

Syn.: Scleropus urceolatus Andersson, fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010). In Robinson (1902) and Stewart (1911) as Amanthera urceolatus. Amblogyna urceolata Andersson
and Amaranthus anderssonii fo. erectus Howell in Wiggins, I.L., Porter, D.M., 1971.
Galapagos Distribution: Darwin, Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Eliasson, U. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U. et
al. (1985), Eliasson, U. et al. (1966), Howell, J.T. et al. (1933), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), Robinson, B.L.
90. Amaranthus caracasanus Kunth

Name accepted by Royal, however not cited in any Galapagos after Stewart (1911). Tropicos, however,
considers Amaranthus caracasanus as a synonym of Amaranthus spinosus L., which is well documented in the
Galapagos. In Hooker (1847) and Andersson (1855) as Amaranthus caraccasanus.
Origin: No Data.
Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart,
A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
91. Amaranthus caudatus L.

Syn.: Amaranthus cruentus L.
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009).
92. Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thell.

Syn.: Amaranthus tristis Willd.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Howell, J.T. et al. (1933), Lawesson, J.E. et
al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
93. Amaranthus furcatus Howell

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U. et al. (1985), Howell, J.T. et al.
(1933), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
94. Amaranthus hybridus L.

Syn.: Alternanthera quitensis
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff,
H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
95. Amaranthus hybridus ssp. quitensis (Kunth) Costea & Carretero

Syn.: Amaranthus quitensis Kunth fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Origin: No Data.
References: Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010).
96. Amaranthus lividus L.

Syn.: Amaranthus lividus var. polygonoides (Zoll.) Thell.
References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
97. Amaranthus peruvianus (Schauer) Standl.

Syn.: Mengea peruviana Schauer and Amaranthus albomarginatus Uline & W.L. Bray
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1989), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
98. Amaranthus polygonoides L.

Syn.: Amaranthus berlandieri (Moq.) Uline & W.L.Bray fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1989), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010).
99. Amaranthus sclerantoides (Andersson) Andersson

Syn.: Amaranthus sclerantoides f. abingdonensis, A. sclerantoides f. albemarlensis, A. sclerantoides f.
chathamensis, A. scleranthoides f. hoodensis, A. scleranthoides f. typica, Euxolus sclerantoides Andersson,
fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Darwin, Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa
Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago, Wolf.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Eliasson, U. et al. (1989),
Eliasson, U. et al. (1985), Eliasson, U. et al. (1966), Eliasson, U.H. et al. (1987), Heleno, R. et al. (2011),
Howell, J.T. et al. (1933), Itow, S. et al. (1997), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902),
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der
Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
100. Amaranthus spinosus L.

Syn.: Amaranthus caracasanus Kunth
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1858), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson,
N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Howell, J.T. et al. (1933), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
101. Amaranthus squamulatus (Andersson) B.L. Rob.

Syn.: Scleropus squamulatus Andersson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Eliasson, U. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U. et al. (1985), Eliasson, U. et al.
(1990), Eliasson, U. et al. (1966), Howell, J.T. et al. (1933), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et
al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935),
Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
102. Amaranthus viridis L.

Syn.: Amaranthus gracilis Desf. ex Poir. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010).
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Howell, J.T. et al. (1933), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et
103. Ambrosia arborescens Mill.

Syn.: Franseria artemisioides Willd.
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1990), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009).
104. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.

In Stewart (1911) as Ambrosia artemisiaefolia.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal.
References: Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911).
105. Ambrosia peruviana Willd.

Syn.: Ambrosia artemisiifolia
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
106. Anacardium occidentale L.

Syn.: Acajuba occidentalis (L.) Gaertn.
References: Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
107. Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.

Syn.: Ananas sativus
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(2005), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1990), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
108. Anemone coronaria L.

109. Anethum graveolens L.

Syn.: Anethum graveolens subsp. sowa (Roxb. ex Fleming) N.F. Koren
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
110. Angelonia gardneri Hook.

111. Annona cherimola Mill.

Syn.: Annona pubescens Salisb. In Stewart (1911) as Anona cherimolia.
(1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al.
(1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
112. Annona glabra L.

Syn.: Annona chrysocarpa Leprieur ex Guillemet. In Stewart (1911) as Anona glabra.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lundh, J.P. et al.
(1995), Reck, G. et al. (1986), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
113. Annona muricata L.

Records earlier than Wiggins & Porter (1971) referred to Stewart's observation, which was actually A. glabra.
(1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
114. Annona reticulata L.

Syn.: Annona excelsa Kunth
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
115. Anoda cristata (L.) Schltdl.

Syn.: Anoda hastata Cav. Cited in Robinson (1902) as A. hastata with its synonym, A. acerifolia DC., an
unresolved name according to Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). Not
mentioned in Galapagos literature after Svenson (1935)
References: Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
(2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935).
116. Anoda hastata Cav.

Acc. name: A. cristata (L.) Schltdl. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). F.
Bungartz: cited in Robinson (1902) with the synonym A. acerifolia DC., an unresolved name according to
References: Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911).
117. Anredera ramosa (Moq.) Eliasson

In Hooker (1847), Andersson (1855), Robinson (1902), Stewart (1911) and other Galápagos literature as
Boussingaultia baselloides Kunth.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Jørgensen,
P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
(2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
118. Anthephora hermaphrodita (L.) Kuntze

Syn.: Anthephora elegans Schreb. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). In
Andersson (1855) as Antephora elegans.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé,
Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Blake, S. et al. (2011), Cayot, L. J. et al.
(1987), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L.
119. Anthospermum ericifolium (Licht. ex Roem. & Schult.) Kuntze

Syn.: Spermacoce ericifolia Licht. ex Roem. & Schult. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010)
References: Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010).
120. Anthurium andraeanum Linden

Syn.: Anthurium ornatum
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
121. Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn.

Syn.: Antigonon cinerascens M. Martens & Galeotti
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hamann, O. et al. (1974), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et
al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
122. Antirrhinum majus L.

References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
123. Apium graveolens L.

Syn.: Apium vulgare Bubani; Chen & Craven (2007) as Apium integrilobum Hayata.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991),
Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995),
124. Aptenia cordifolia (L. f.) Schwantes

Syn.: Mesembryanthemum cordifolium L. f.
References: Eliasson, U.H. et al. (1996), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999),
125. Arachis hypogaea L.

Syn.: Lathyrus esquirolii H. Lév.
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Reck, G. et al.
126. Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Gregory

References: Forzza, R.C. et al. (2010), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Jørgensen, P.M. et
127. Argemone mexicana L.

Syn.: Argemone mexicana var. lutea Kuntze.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P.
et al. (1995), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
128. Aristida divulsa Andersson

IUCN Red List: Near Threatened.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1858), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1857),
Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
129. Aristida repens Trin.

Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa
Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Hendrix, L.B. et al. (1986), Hooker,
J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
(2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Trinius, C.B. et al. (1831), Valencia, R. et al.
(2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
130. Aristida subspicata Trin. & Rupr.

Syn.: Aristida caudata Andersson, A. compacta Andersson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Hooker, J.D. et al.
Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Trinius, C.B. et al. (1842), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
131. Aristida villosa B.L. Rob. & Greenm.

Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1895), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Valencia, R.
et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
132. Aristolochia elegans Mast
Syn.: Aristolochia elegans var. grandiflora Hassl. ex F. González
Galapagos Distribution: Pinta, Santa Cruz.
133. Aristolochia odoratissima L.

Syn.: Aristolochia pandurata Jacq. and Aristolochia rimbachii O.C. Schmidt
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al.
(2008), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
134. Arthrostylidium pubescens Rupr.

Syn.: Arundinaria pubescens (Rupr.) Hack.
135. Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg

Syn.: Astocarpus communis
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
136. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.

References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Linares, J.L. et al. (2005), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
137. Arundo donax L.

Syn.: Aira bengalensis (Retz.) J.F. Gmel.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, San Cristóbal.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
138. Asclepias angustissima Andersson
(2010). Wiggins & Porter (1971) cite Sarcostemma angustissimum (Andersson) Holm as the accepted name
of this taxon.
Origin: No Data.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
139. Asclepias curassavica L.

Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
140. Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop

Syn.: Asparagopsis densiflora Kunth
141. Asparagus officinalis L.

Syn.: Asparagus officinalis var. altilis L.
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
142. Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop

Syn.: Asparagus sprengeri
143. Astrephia chaerophylloides (Sm.) DC.

Syn.: Valeriana chaerophylloides Sm. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
144. Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson

Syn.: Asystasia bojeriana Nees
145. Atriplex peruviana Moq.

Syn.: Chenopodium cinereum Moq.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Wolf.
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1966), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
146. Avena sativa L.

Syn.: Avena anglica Hort. ex Roemer & Schultes.
147. Averrhoa carambola L.

References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Stevens, W.D.
et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
148. Avicennia germinans (L.) L.

Syn.: Avicennia nitida Jacq., A. tomentosa Jacq. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010). In Robinson (1902) and Stewart (1911) as Avicennia officinalis.
Fé, Santiago.
(2009), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Jaramillo, P. et
al. (1998), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Moldenke, H.N. et al. (1968), Nowak, J.B.
et al. (1987), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al.
(1971), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
149. Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv.

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1977).
150. Axonopus micay García-Barr.

Syn.: Axonopus scoparius
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Laegaard, S. et al. (2004), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
151. Baccharis steetzii Andersson

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862),
Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Itow, S. et al. (1997), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), Robinson, B.L. et al.
(1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van
der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
152. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.

Likely misidentification. This taxon appears in Stewart (1911) as Bacopa monniera, but is cited in no
subsequent checklist.
Origin: No Data.
References: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911).
153. Bactris gasipaes Kunth

Syn.: Bactris ciliata (Ruiz & Pav.) Mart.
154. Bambusa sp. 1

Taxon status: Taxon not identified to species, subspecies, form or variety.
Syn.: possibly Bambusa oldhamii Munro
155. Bambusa vulgaris var. vittata Rivière & C. Rivière

Syn.: Bambusa vulgaris cult. vittata McClure, B. vulgaris var. aureovariegata Beadle. Nombre aceptado:
Bambusa vulgaris var. vittata Rivière & C. Rivière.
156. Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris Schrad ex Wendle

Syn.: Arundarbor fera (Miq.) Kuntze
157. Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C.V. Morton

Syn.: Banisteria caapi Spruce ex Griseb.
158. Bastardia viscosa (L.) Kunth

Santiago.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Flores, E. et al.
(1985), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), McMullen, C.K. et al.
(1987), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
159. Batis maritima L.

References: Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Eliasson, U. et al. (1966), Itow, S. et
al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (s.a.), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
160. Bauhinia monandra Kurz.
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et
al. (1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
161. Bauhinia sp. 1

References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lundh, J.P. et al.
(1995).
162. Bauhinia variegata L.

References: Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998).
163. Begonia "aya"

164. Begonia "haageana"

165. Begonia dichroa Sprague

166. Begonia rex Putz.

Syn.: Begonia longiciliata C.Y. Wu
(2009).
167. Begonia semperflorens Link & Otto
Syn.: Begonia paludicola C. DC. and Begonia spatulata Lodd.
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
168. Begonia x erythrophylla Neumann

169. Beta vulgaris L.

References: Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010).
170. Beta vulgaris var. cicla (L.) Koch

Syn.: Beta maritima L.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Reck, G. et al. (1986), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
171. Beta vulgaris var. vulgaris L.

Syn.: Beta vulgaris var. rosea Moq.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wolf, T. et al.
(1879).
172. Betula cf. alleghaniensis Britton

173. Bidens bipinnata L.

References: Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999).
174. Bidens cynapiifolia Kunth

Syn.: Bidens bipinnata var. cynapiifolia (Kunth) M. Gómez
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M.
175. Bidens pilosa L.

Syn.: Bidens chilensis DC. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Castro, S. A. et al. (2010), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Christophersen, E.
et al. (1932), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Nash, D.L. et al. (1976), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Quintana, M.C. et
al. (2010), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al.
(1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et
al. (1971).
176. Bidens riparia Kunth

Syn.: Bidens refracta Brandegee fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Nash, D.L. et al.
Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
177. Bixa orellana L.

References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al.
178. Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson.

Syn.: Eclipta prostrata Lour
References: Itow, S. et al. (1997), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
179. Blainvillea dichotoma (Murray) Stewart

Accepted by Wiggins & Porter (1971) with the following note "The name B. dichotoma appears also in
Hemsley, Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 4:112. 1886-88, attributed to Cassini but without description or reference.
Presumably the present plant was intended, but the name is striclty a nomen nudum." However, Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010) treats B. dichotoma (Murray) Stewart as a
synonym of B. rhomboidea Cass. and accepts the name B. dichotoma Cass. Syn.: Blainvillea latifolia (L. f.)
DC.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz,
Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, I. A. E. et al. (1987), Blake, S. et al. (2011), Cayot, L. J.
et al. (1987), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Hamann, O. et al. (1984), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935),
180. Blainvillea rhomboidea Cass.

Acc. name: Blainvillea dichotoma (Murray) Stewart fide Wiggins & Porter (1971). Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010) accepts B. rhomboidea Cass., and considers B. dichotoma
(Murray) Stewart a synonym. The nomenclature is further complicated by the name Blainvillea dichotoma
Cass. Wiggins & Porter considers this name a reference to the same species as Blainvillea dichotoma
(Murray) Stewart. However, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010) treats the two
names as referring to separate taxa: B. dichotoma Cass. is accepted, whereas B. dichotoma (Murray) Stewart
is treated as a synonym of B. rhomboidea Cass.
Origin: No Data.
Robinson, B.L. et al. (1895), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
181. Blechnum occidentale L.

Syn.: Blechnum × caudatum Cav. Likely in Hooker (1847) and Andersson (1855) as Blechnum occidentale
Sw.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al.
(1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jäger, H. et al. (2007), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010),
Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson,
H.K. et al. (1938), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1987).
182. Blechum pyramidatum (Lam.) Urb.

Syn.: Blechum brownei f. puberulum Leonard. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010)
References: Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jäger, H. et al. (2007), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al.
(1999), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1971),
183. Blumea viscosa (Mill.) V.M. Badillo

Syn.: Conyza lyrata Kunth
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
184. Blutaparon rigidum (B.L. Rob. & Greenm.) Mears

Syn.: Philoxerus rigidus (B.L. Rob. & Greenm.) Howell fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
IUCN Red List: Extinct.
Galapagos Distribution: Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U. et al. (1985), Jørgensen, P.M.
et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
185. Boerhavia coccinea Mill.

Syn.: Boerhavia caribaea Jacq., B. diffusa var. hirsuta Heimerl, B. glandulosa Andersson fide Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). In Andersson (1855) as Boerhavia diffusa, fide Wiggins
& Porter (1971)
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Brako, L. et al. (1993), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Standley, P.C. et al. (1937), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
186. Boerhavia erecta L.

Syn.: Boerhavia discolor Kunth; D'Arcy (1987) as Boerhavia elongata Salisb. In Andersson (1855) Robinson
(1902), Stewart (1911) et al as Boerhavia paniculata Rich., fide Wiggins & Porter (1971). In Hooker (1847) as
Boerhaavia decumbens fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé,
Santiago.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1858), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson,
N.J. et al. (1861-1862), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Eliasson, U. et al. (1966), Heleno, R. et al. (2011),
Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902),
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935),
187. Borago officinalis L.

References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
188. Borreria ericaefolia Hook. f.

Syn.: Borreria divaricata Hook. f., B. parvifolia Hook. f.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Fé,
Santiago.
Eliasson, U. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U. et al. (1985), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987),
Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987),
Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
189. Bougainvillea peruviana Bonpl.

Syn.: Tricycla peruviana (Bonpl.) Poir. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010)
References: Standley, P.C. et al. (1937), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
190. Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd.

References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010).
191. Bougainvillea spectabilis var. glabra (Choisy) Hook.

Syn.: Bougainvillea glabra Choisy.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Standley, P.C. et al. (1937), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
192. Bougainvillea x buttiana Holttum & Standl.

References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
193. Bougainvillea x hybrid cultivars

194. Bouteloua disticha (Kunth) Benth.

Syn.: Bouteloua pilosa (Hook. f.) Benth. ex S. Watson, Eutriana pilosa Hook f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Brako, L. et al. (1993), CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et
al. (1987), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Peterson, P.M. et al. (2001), Pohl, R.W. et al.
(1994), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Reeder, J.R. et al. (1971), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Van
195. Bowlesia palmata Ruiz & Pav.

Syn.: Bowlesia palmata var. lacerata Kuntze
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Santa Cruz.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U.H. et al. (1970), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Tropicos.org.
et al. (2009).
196. Brachiaria brizantha (A.Rich.) Stapf

Syn.: Urochloa brizantha (A.Rich.) R.D.Webster fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010)
References: Laegaard, S. et al. (2004), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010).
197. Brachiaria brizantha x ruziziensis
Syn.: Urochloa brizantha x ruziziensis. Both Urochloa brizantha and U. ruzizienses are now considered
members of the genis Brachiaria, fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
198. Brachiaria decumbens Stapf

Syn.: Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D.Webster fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010)
199. Brachiaria fasciculata (Sw.) Parodi

Syn.: Panicum fuscum Sw., Panicum. Sw. And Urochloa fasciculata (Sw.) R.D.Webster fide Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). Likely synonym of P. fuscum f. vegetius Andersson, P.
fuscum f. firmius, and P. fuscum f. pubescens.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
(2010), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tye, A. et al. (2008), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
200. Brachiaria multiculma (Andersson) Laegaard & Renvoize

Syn.: Urochloa multiculma (Andersson) Morrone & Zuloaga fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
Botanical Garden (2010).
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal,
Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Andersson, A. et al. (1960), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tye, A. et al. (2008).
201. Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf

Syn.: Panicum purpurascens Raddi; Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) T.Q.Nguyen, fide Royal Botanic Gardens,
References: Porter, D.M. et al. (1984), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
202. Brachycereus nesioticus (Schum.) Backeb.
Syn.: Cereus nesioticus K. Schum. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Anderson, E.F. et al. (1967.), Howell, J.T. et al. (1933), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (1987), Loope, L.L. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Stewart, A. et
al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
203. Brandesia echinocephala Hook. f.

(2010). Wiggins & Porter (1971) cite Alternanthera echinocephala (Hook.f.) Christoph. as the accepted name
of this taxon.
Origin: No Data.
References: Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
204. Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis (Willd.) Haw.

Syn.: Opuntia brasiliensis (Willd.) Haw. and Cactus brasiliensis Willd.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009), Zuloaga, F.O. et al. (2008).
205. Brassica arvensis (L.) Kze.

Cited by Stewart (1911). However, this name is not listed in any other Galapagos literature, and the current
nomenclatural status is uncertain (i.e. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010) does
not mention this combination with these authors). Possible misidentification of Brassica campestris (see
Wiggins & Porter (1971) p. 563)
Origin: No Data.
References: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
206. Brassica juncea (L.) Coss.

Syn.: Sinapis juncea L.
207. Brassica napus L.
Syn.: Brassica napobrassica (L.) Mill.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
208. Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.

References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Standley, P.C. et al.
209. Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.

Syn.: Brassica capitata (L.) H. Lév.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
210. Brassica oleracea var. geminera (DC.) Zenker

Syn.: Brassica oleracea subvar. gemmifera DC.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Standley, P.C. et al.
211. Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck

References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Standley, P.C. et al.
212. Brassica rapa L.

Syn.: Brassica campestris L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). First
record in Andersson, not 1899 (pace Porter 1984).
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et
al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
213. Breynia disticha J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.

Syn.: Breynia disticha var. nivosa (W. Bull) Croizat, Phyllanthus nivosus W. Bull fide Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
(2010).
214. Brickellia diffusa (Vahl) A. Gray

Syn.: Chondrilla rhombifolia (Humb. ex Willd.) Poir.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Blake, S. et al. (2011), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Hamann, O. et al. (1984), Hokche, O. et al.
(2008), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al.
(s.a.), Van Leeuwen, J.F. et al. (2008), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
215. Bromelia pinguin L.

Syn.: Karatas pinguin Mill. ex Baker
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Smith, L.B. et al. (1979), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
216. Browallia americana L.

Syn.: Browallia demissa L.; Jørgensen & León-Yánez (1999) as Browallia nervosa Miers
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Gentry, J.L. et al. (1974), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Macbride, J.F. et al. (1962), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et
217. Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Bercht. & J. Presl
Syn.: Datura suaveolens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Linares, J.L. et al. (2005), Nee, M. et al. (1986), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
218. Brugmansia versicolor Lagerh.

Syn.: Brugmansia dolichocarpa Lagerh.; Datura mollis Saff.; Datura versicolor (Lagerh.) Saff.
219. Brugmansia x candida Pers.

Syn.: Datura arborea Ruiz & Pav. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et
al. (1995), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
(2010), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
220. Brunfelsia grandiflora D. Don

References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Macbride, J.F. et al. (1962), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
221. Bryophyllum daigremontianum (Raym.-Hamet & H. Perrier) A. Berger

Syn.: Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.-Hamet & H. Perrier
222. Bryophyllum gastonis-bonnieri (Raym.-Hamet & H. Perrier) Lauz.-March.

Syn.: Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri Raym.-Hamet & H. Perrier
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Rauh, W. et al. (1992), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
223. Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken

Syn.: Crassuvia floripendia Comm ex Lam, Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
& Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hamann, O. et al. (1984), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Schofield, E.K. et al. (1973), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tapia, W. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
224. Buddleja americana L.

References: Itow, S. et al. (1997), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1988), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et
al. (s.a.), Norman, E.M. et al. (1982), Norman, E.M. et al. (1979), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
225. Buddleja davidii Franch.

Syn.: Buddleja davidii var. alba Rehder & E.H. Wilson
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Norman, E.M. et al. (1982), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
226. Bulbostylis juncoides (Vahl) Kük. ex Herter

Syn.: Bulbostylis hirtella (Schrad. ex Schult.) Nees. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010). In Robinson (1902) and Stewart (1911) as Fimbristylis capillaris.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz,
Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al.
(s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
227. Bunchosia cornifolia Kunth

Syn.: Malpighia retusa.
228. Bunchosia sp. 1

229. Bunchosia sp. 2
230. Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana & Planch.

Syn.: Elaphrium graveolens Kunth, Spondias edmonstonei Hook.f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew &
Galapagos Distribution: Darwin, Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, San
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Atkinson, I. A. E. et al. (1987), Atkinson, R. et
al. (2009), Blake, S. et al. (2011), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Fosberg, F. R. et
al. (1987), Grant, P.R. et al. (1987), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al.
(1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(s.a.), Linsley, E.G. et al. (1966), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Quintana, C. et al. (2016), Restrepo, A. et al.
(2011), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1971),
Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al.
(1935), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1987), Weeks, A. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et
al. (1971).
231. Bursera malacophylla B.L. Rob.

Syn.: Bursera graveolens f. malacophylla (B.L. Rob.) J.F. Macbr.
Galapagos Distribution: Marchena, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Itow, S. et al. (1997), McMullen, C.K. et al.
Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Weeks, A. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
232. Cacabus hookeri (Andersson) Stewart

(2010).
Origin: No Data.
233. Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.

Syn.: Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Fleming, Guilandina bonduc L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew &
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al.
(2008), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Macbride, J.F. et al. (1943), Porter, D.M. et al.
Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
234. Caesalpinia gilliesii (Wall. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.

Syn.: Poinciana gilliesii Wall. ex Hook.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Isely, D. et al. (1975), Macbride, J.F. et al.
235. Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.

Syn.: Poinciana pulcherrima L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), CONABIO et al.
(2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hooker, J.D. et al.
(1847), Isely, D. et al. (1975), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al.
(1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schery, R.W. et al. (1951), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001),
Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
236. Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.

Syn.: Cajanus flavus
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010).
237. Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent.

Syn.: Arum bicolor Aiton
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009).
238. Caladium humboldtii Schott

Syn.: Caladium argyrites Lem.
References: Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
239. Calandrinia galapagosa H. St. John

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Arsiniegas, M. et al. (1996), Atkinson, R. et al. (2008), Atkinson, R.
et al. (2009), Eliasson, U. et al. (1968), Gordillo, J. et al. (1987), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2003), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(2009), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Mauchamp, A. et al. (1998), St. John, H. et
al. (1937), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
240. Calathea allouia (Aubl.) Lindl.

Syn.: Maranta allouia Aubl.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Kennedy, H. et al.
241. Calathea majestica (Linden) H. Kenn.

Syn.: Maranta majestica Linden
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Kennedy, H. et al.
242. Calathea picturata K. Koch & Linden

243. Calathea zebrina (Sims) Lindel

Syn.: Maranta zebrina Sims
244. Calceolaria meistantha Pennel
Syn.: Calceolaria dichotoma Lam.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Lawesson, J.E. et
al. (s.a.), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Molau, U. et al. (1988), Molau, U. et al. (1981), Nowak, J.B. et al.
(1987), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
245. Calceolaria mexicana Benth.

Syn.: Calceolaria palustris Sodiro ex Kraenzl.
References: D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Hamann, O. et al. (1979), Holmgren, N.H. et al. (2005), Jørgensen,
P.M. et al. (1999), Molau, U. et al. (1988), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
246. Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner (C Am.)

Syn.: Anneslia calothyrsa (Meisn.) Kleinhoonte
References: Breteler, F.J. et al. (1989), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1998), Linares, J.L. et al. (2005), Prado, L. et al. (1995).
247. Calliandra cf. tergemina (L.) Benth.

248. Callisia fragrans (Lindl.) Woodson

Syn.: Badamia commersonii Gaertn.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Schatz, G.E. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
249. Callisia repens (Jacq.) L.

Syn.: Hapalanthus repens Jacq.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hunt, D.R. et al. (1994), Hunt, D.R. et al.
250. Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Liogier, H.A. et al. (1994), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
251. Callistemon lanceolatus Sweet.

252. Callitriche deflexa A. Braun ex Hegelm.

Syn.: Callitriche deflexa var. austinii (Engelm.) Hegelm.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Eliasson, U. et al. (1972), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
253. Canavalia dictyota Piper

Syn.: Canavalia amazonica Piper
References: Hamann, O. et al. (1974), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter,
D.M. et al. (1983), Sauer, J. et al. (1964), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
254. Canavalia ensiformis L.

Syn.: Dolichos ensiformis L.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Sauer, J. et al. (1964), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
255. Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC.

Syn.: Canavalia maritima Thouars, C. obtusifolia (Lam.) DC., fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Sauer, J. et al. (1964), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
256. Canna indica L.
Syn.: Canna lambertii Lindl. ex Ker Gawl., C. edulis Ker Gawl., C. poeppigii Bouché fide Royal Botanic
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1973), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
257. Canna x generalis Bailey

Syn.: Canna lutea; Tropicos (2010) as homonyms: Canna x generalis L.H. Bailey & E.Z. Bailey Hortus 118.
1930. (Hortus)
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
258. Cannabis sativa L.

Syn.: Cannabis indica Lam.
259. Capraria biflora L.

Syn.: Capraria biflora var. pilosa Griseb.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009),
Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Heleno, R. et al. (2011),
Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925),
H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971), Williams, J.K. et al. (2004).
260. Capraria peruviana Benth.

Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Holmgren,
N.H. et al. (1984), Itow, S. et al. (1997), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971), Williams, J.K. et al. (2004).
261. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.
Syn.: Thlaspi bursa-pastoris L.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Standley, P.C. et
262. Capsicum annuum L.

References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Brako, L. et al. (1993),
Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991),
Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2005), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999),
Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Reck, G. et al. (1986), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Schatz, G.E. et al. (2010),
Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935).
263. Capsicum annuum cv. bolivian Rainbow L.

264. Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum Willd.

Syn.: Capsicum pendulum Willd.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
265. Capsicum frutescens L.

Syn.: Capsicum longum A. DC.; Jørgensen & León-Yánez (1999) treat this as part of C. annuum L.
References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Rutenberg, C.
et al. (1880-1889), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
266. Capsicum galapagoense Hunz.

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (1987), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
267. Caralluma hesperidum Maire

268. Cardamine bonariensis Pers.

Syn.: Cardamine nasturtioides Cambess.
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009).
269. Cardiospermum corindum L.

Syn.: Cardiospermum galapageium Rob. & Greenm., C. halicacabum var. angustisectum Griseb., C. molle
Kunth fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). In Itow (1997) as
Cardiospemum corindium.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Wolf.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Hooker,
J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Mauchamp, A. et al. (1995), Porter,
D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al.
270. Cardiospermum galapageium Rob. & Greenm.

Jorgensen & Leon-Yanez (1999) and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010) treat
this as part of C. corindum.
References: Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Itow, S. et
al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), McMullen,
C.K. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al.
271. Carica papaya L.

References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Chavez, J. et al. (1993),
CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987),
Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al.
Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
272. Carica x heilbornii (Heilborn) V.M. Badillo

Syn.: Carica chrysopetala Heilborn
al. (2009).
273. Carludovica palmata Ruiz & Pav.

Syn.: Carludovica gigantea Kuntze
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Harling, G. et al. (1973), Harling, G. et al. (1958), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
274. Carpobrotus cf. acinaciformis (L.) L. Bolus

275. Caryota mitis Lour.

Syn.: Caryota sobolifera Wall.
276. Cassia fistula L.

Syn.: Bactyrilobium fistula (L.) Willd.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Prado Erazo, G.E. et al.
(1986), Schery, R.W. et al. (1951), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001).
277. Cassia grandis L. f.
Syn.: Cathartocarpus grandis (L. f.) Pers.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Irwin, H.S. et al.
(1982), Schery, R.W. et al. (1951), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001).
278. Castela galapageia Hook. f.

Syn.: Castela erecta ssp. galapageia (Hook. f.) Cronquist, C. galapageia f. albemarlensis, C. galapageia f.
bindloensis, C. galapageia f. carolensis, C. galapageia f. duncanensis, C. galapageia f. jacobensis, C.
galapageia f. jervensis, fide Wiggins & Porter (1971)
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal,
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Cayot, L.
J. et al. (1987), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker,
J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Linsley, E.G.
et al. (1966), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (2011), Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925),
Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1971), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Schönitzer, K. et al.
(1975), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
279. Castilleja arvensis Schltdl. & Cham.

Syn.: Castilleja communis Benth.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Jørgensen, P.M.
et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971).
280. Casuarina equisetifolia L.

Syn.: Casuarina litorea L. ex Fosberg & Sachet
(2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Motooka, P. et al. (1987), Prado Erazo, G.E.
et al. (1986).
281. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don

Syn.: Vinca rosea
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1999), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
282. Cattleya maxima Lindl.

Syn.: Cattleya malouana L. Linden & Rodigas
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Dodson, C.H. et al. (1980), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Schweinfurth, C. et
283. Cayaponia glandulosa (Poepp. & Endl.) Cogn.

Syn.: Bryonia glandulosa Poepp. & Endl.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Jeffrey, C. et al. (1992), Jeffrey, C. et al. (2001), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
284. Cecropia cf. angustifolia Trécul

285. Cedrela odorata L.

Syn.: Cedrela mexicana M. Roem.; Pennington et al. (1981) as Cedrela adenophylla Mart.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al.
(1987), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Gardener, M. et al. (2010), Guézou, A. et al. (2010),
Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jiménez, Q. et al. (2007), Koecke,
A. V. et al. (2013), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987),
Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Mauchamp, A. et al. (2008-2009), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Moll, E. et al.
(1990), Pennington, T.D. et al. (1981), Prado Erazo, G.E. et al. (1988), Prado Erazo, G.E. et al. (1986),
Rosenberg, D. et al. (1987), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tapia, W.
et al. (1999), Zuloaga, F.O. et al. (2008).
286. Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.

Syn.: Bombax pentandrum L.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E.
et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et
al. (1971).
287. Celosia argentea L.

Syn.: Celosia cristata L. Celosia argentea var. argentea.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999).
288. Celosia argentea var. cristata (L.) Kuntze

Syn.: Celosia cristata L.
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1990), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010).
289. Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult.

Syn.: Cenchrus inflexus R. Br.
References: D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), DeLisle, D. G. et al. (1963), Gould, F.W. et al. (1979), Guézou, A. et
al. (2010), Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1936), Judziewicz, E. J. et al. (1990), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999),
290. Cenchrus echinatus L.

Syn.: Cenchrus brevisetus E. Fourn.
References: D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), DeLisle, D. G. et al. (1963), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hitchcock,
A.S. et al. (1951), Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1936), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Swallen, J.R. et al. (1955),
Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971), Zuloaga, F.O. et al. (2003).
291. Cenchrus pilosus Kunth

Syn.: Cenchrus pallidus E. Fourn.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), DeLisle, D. G. et al. (1963), Delprete, P.G. et al. (1995), Espejo Serna, A.
et al. (2000), Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1951), Swallen, J.R. et al. (1955), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Zuloaga,
F.O. et al. (2003).
292. Cenchrus platyacanthus Andersson

Syn.: Cenchrus granularis Anderss. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Darwin, Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, San
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1858), Andersson, N.J.
et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Blake, S. et al. (2011), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Hendrix,
L.B. et al. (1986), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
293. Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. in Mart.

Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Atkinson, I. A. E. et al. (1987), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Itow, S. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Robinson, B.L. et
294. Centratherum punctatum Cass.

Syn.: Ampherephis aristata Kunth
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1999), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
295. Centrolobium paraense Tul.

Syn.: Centrolobium paraense var. orinocense Benth.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Pirie, M.D. et al. (2009), Prado, L. et al.
296. Cephalocereus senilis (Haw.) Pfeiff.

Syn.: Cactus senilis Haw.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
297. Ceratophyllum llerenae Fassett

Syn.: Ceratophyllum muricatum ssp. australe (Griseb.) Les
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Hamann, O. et al. (1974), Ståhl, B. et al. (2003), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
298. Cereus galapagensis Weber

(2010). Wiggins & Porter (1971) cite Jasminocereus thouarsii var thouarsii (Weber) Backbg. as the accepted
name for this taxon.
References: Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
299. Cereus peruvianus var. 1 (L.) J.S. Muell.

Syn.: Cereus hexagonus. C. hexagonus recorded by Flores was probably this species. The supposition in the
Catalogue that Lawesson's specimen was hexagonus is incorrect.
(2009).
300. Cereus peruvianus var. monstrosus DC.

References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Véliz Pérez, M.E et al. (2008).
301. Cereus sclerocarpus Schum.

(2010). Wiggins & Porter (1971) cite Jasminocereus thouarsii var. sclerocarpus as the accepted name of this
taxon.
302. Cestrum auriculatum L'Hér.

Syn.: Cestrum leptanthum Dunal; Francey (1935) as Cestrum diurnum Dunal.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Francey, P. et al. (1935), Gardener, M. R. et al.
(1999), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Macbride, J.F. et al. (1962), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
303. Cestrum nocturnum L.

Syn.: Cestrum nocturnum var. mexicanum O.E. Schulz
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Gentry, J.L. et al. (1974), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Nee, M. et al.
304. Chamaedorea cf. elegans

Syn.: Chaeneropus humilis
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
305. Chamaesyce galapageia (Rob. & Greenm.) D.G. Burch

Syn: Euphorbia galapageia Rob. & Greenm., E. stevensii Stewart, fide Wiggins & Porter (1971)
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Burch, D. et al. (1969), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
306. Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp.

Syn.: Euphorbia hirta L. fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, San Cristóbal, Santiago.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A.
et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Porter,
D.M. et al. (1980), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971).
307. Chamaesyce lasiocarpa (Klotzsch) Arthur
Syn.: Euphorbia lasiocarpa Klotzsch
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Burger, W. et al. (1995), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff,
H.H. et al. (1977).
308. Chamaesyce nummularia var. nummularia (Hook. f.) D.G. Burch

Syn.: Euphorbia nummularia Hook. f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden (2010);
Wiggins and Porter. Tropicos: Nodata
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé,
Santiago, Wolf.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Itow, S. et al.
309. Chamaesyce ophthalmica (Pers.) D.G. Burch

Syn.: Euphorbia ophthalmica Pers.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Burch, D. et al. (1969), Burger, W. et al. (1995),
Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al.
310. Chamaesyce thymifolia (L.) Millsp.

Syn.: Euphorbia thymifolia L.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Burger, W. et al. (1995), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
311. Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

Syn.: Ambrina ambrosioides (L.) Spach
References: Castro, S. A. et al. (2010), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et
al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et
al. (1971).
312. Chenopodium murale L.

Syn.: Chenopodium biforme Nees
References: Castro, S. A. et al. (2010), Eliasson, U. et al. (1966), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et
al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
313. Chenopodium quinoa Willd.

Syn.: Chenopodium hircinum ssp. milleanum Aellen
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
314. Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc.

Syn.: Chiococca racemosa L., C. trisperma fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010), C. trisperma f. angustifolia, C. trisperma f. grandifolia, C. trisperma f. obesa. In Itow (1997) as
Chicocca alba.
Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987),
Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Heleno, R. et al.
(2011), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998),
Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Riley, L.A.M. et al.
Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
315. Chionanthus pubescens Kunth

Syn.: Linociera pubescens (Kunth) Eichler
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Green, P.S. et al. (1994), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Stahl, B. et al. (1991), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
316. Chloris barbata Sw.

Syn.: Chloris inflata Link, Chloris paraguaiensis Steud., fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
317. Chloris radiata (L.) Sw.

Syn.: Agrostis radiata L.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Anderson, D.E. et al. (1974), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hitchcock, A.S. et
al. (1951), Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1936), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Judziewicz, E. J. et al. (1990), Jørgensen,
P.M. et al. (1999), McVaugh, R. et al. (1983), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902),
318. Chloris virgata Sw.

Syn.: Chloris elegans HBK, C. virgata var. elegans (Kunth) Stapf. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew &
Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(s.a.), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
319. Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques

Syn.: Anthericum comosum Thunb.
al. (2009).
320. Chrysanthellum pusillum Hook. f.

Syn.: Chrysanthellum erectum Andersson, C. fagerlindii Eliasson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew &
N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Eliasson, U. et al. (1967),
Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999),
Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
321. Chrysanthemum coronarium L.

Syn.: Matricaria coronaria (L.) Desr.
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
322. Chrysophyllum argenteum ssp. panamense (Pittier) T.D. Penn.

Syn.: Chrysophyllum panamense Pittier
References: Davidse, G. et al. (1994), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
323. Chrysophyllum cainito L.

Syn.: Cainito pomiferum Tussac
(2010), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Pennington, T.D. et al. (1981), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
324. Cichorium endivia L.

Syn.: Cichorium endivia ssp. endivia Hegi
325. Cinchona pubescens Vahl

Syn.: Cinchona succirubra Pav. ex Klotzsch fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010)
References: Acosta Solís, M. et al. (1945), Andersson, L. et al. (1998), Buddenhagen, C. E. et al. (2004),
Gardener, M. et al. (2010), Gardener, M. R. et al. (1999), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hamann, O. et al. (1984),
Hamann, O. et al. (1974), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Itow, S. et al. (2003), Jäger, H. et al. (2011), Jäger, H. et al.
(2009), Jäger, H. et al. (2010), Jäger, H. et al. (2007), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Junaedi, D.I. et al. (2010), Mauchamp, A. et al.
(2008-2009), Moll, E. et al. (1990), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Shimizu, Y. et al. (1997), Tapia, W. et al. (1999), Tye, A. et al. (2002).
326. Cissampelos glaberrima A. St.-Hil.

Syn.: Cissampelos galapagensis Stewart fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010).
References: Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987),
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L.
et al. (1971).
327. Cissampelos pareira L.

In Itow (1997) as Cisampelos pareira.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932),
D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847),
Itow, S. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Rhodes,
D.G. et al. (1975), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1971), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
328. Cissus verticillata (L.) Nicolson & C.E.Jarvis

Syn.: Cissus sicyoides L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens
329. Cissus verticillata ssp. verticillata (L.) Nicolson & C.E. Jarvis
Syn.: Cissus sicyoides L.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Marchena, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
330. Citharexylum gentryi Moldenke

331. Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsun. & Nakai

Syn.: Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. ex Eckl. & Zeyh., Cucumis citrullus (L.) Ser. fide Royal Botanic Gardens,
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Flores, E. et al.
(1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Jeffrey, C. et al. (1992),
Jeffrey, C. et al. (2001), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983),
Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Stewart,
A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
332. Citrus latifolia x reticulata

333. Citrus medica L.

Syn.: Citrus medica var. limon L.; Citrus limetta Risso
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M.
et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Linares, J.L. et al. (2005), Reck, G. et
al. (1986), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1973), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
334. Citrus reticulata Blanco

Syn.: Citrus deliciosa Ten. and Citrus daoxianensis S.W. He & G.F. Liu
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Linares, J.L. et al.
(2005), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Reck, G. et al. (1986), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
335. Citrus sinensis x latifolia

References: Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
336. Citrus x aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle

Syn.: Limonia x aurantiifolia Christm.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010),
Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Reck, G. et al. (1986), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001),
337. Citrus x aurantium L.

Syn.: Aurantium x acre Mill.; Aurantium x corniculatum Mill. and Aurantium x distortum Mill.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Chen,
J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P.
et al. (1995), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971), Wolf, T. et al. (1879).
338. Citrus x limetta Risso

Syn.: Citrus medica L.; Tropicos (2009) as Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), McMullen,
C.K. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
339. Citrus x limon (L.) Osbeck

Syn.: Citrus limonum Risso; Citrus medica f. limon (L.) Hiroë
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Reck, G. et al. (1986),
Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971), Wolf, T. et al. (1879).
340. Citrus x nobilis Lour.

Syn.: Citrus aurantium L.; Tropicos (2009) as Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
341. Citrus x paradisi Macfad.

Syn.: Citrus aurantium L.; Tropicos (2009) as Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. and Citrus × aurantium L.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Reck, G. et al.
342. Citrus x sinensis (L.) Osbeck

Syn.: Citrus aurantium var. sinensis L.
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lundh, J.P. et al.
(1995), Reck, G. et al. (1986), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
343. Cleistocactus sp. 1

344. Cleome speciosa Raf.

Syn.: Gynandropsis speciosa (Kunth) DC.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al.
345. Cleome spinosa Jacq.

Syn.: Cleome pubescens Sims
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
346. Cleome viscosa L.

Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Iltis, H.H. et al. (1960), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
347. Clerodendrum molle Kunth
Taxon status: Taxon occurs as several subspecies, forms or varieties.
In Hooker (1847), Andersson (1855), Robinson (1902), Stewart (1911), and Christophersen (1932) as
Clerodendron molle.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé.
Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Blake, S. et al. (2011), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Christophersen, E. et al.
(1932), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), McMullen, C.K. et al.
(1999), McMullen, C.K. et al. (2010), McMullen, C.K. et al. (2011), Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925), Robinson,
B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1971), Schofield, E.K. et
al. (1984), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009).
348. Clerodendrum molle var. glabrescens Svenson

References: Itow, S. et al. (1997), McMullen, C.K. et al. (2010), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et
349. Clerodendrum molle var. molle Kunth

References: Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Itow, S. et al. (1997), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K.
350. Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer

Syn.: Clerodendrum fragrans var. multiplex Sweet
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et
351. Clerodendrum thomsonae Balf.

Syn.: Clerodendrum balfourii (B.D.Jacks. ex Dombrain) Dombrain, The Plant List (2010) as Clerodendrum
balfourianum Massart & al. and Clerodendrum thomsoniae var. balfourii B.D. Jacks. ex Dombrain
References: D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
352. Clerodendrum x speciosum Dombrain
353. Clitoria ternatea L.

Syn.: Clitoria bracteata Poir.
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Fantz, P.R. et al. (1990), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
354. Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I.M. Johnst.

Syn.: Jatropha aconitifolia Mill.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Burger, W. et al. (1995), CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al.
(1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009).
355. Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L.

Syn.: Polygonum uvifera L.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
356. Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Spreng.

Syn.: Bombax vitifolium Willd.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009).
357. Cocos nucifera L.

Syn.: Palma cocos Mill.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hooker, J.D. et al.
(1847), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
358. Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Juss.

Syn.: Croton variegatus L., Croton incanus Blume
References: Burger, W. et al. (1995), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Standley, P.C. et al. (1949),
Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
359. Coffea arabica L.

References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Heleno, R. et al.
(2011), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1994), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al.
(1973), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
360. Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner

Syn.: Coffea robusta L. Linden fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
361. Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Syn.: Coix lacryma L.
References: Espejo Serna, A. et al. (2000), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1951), Hitchcock,
A.S. et al. (1936), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983),
362. Coldenia darwinii (Hook. f.) Gray

Unresolved nomenclature as of 18-Jul-2011. May be synonymous wtih Tiquilia darwinii (Hook. f.) A.T.
Richardson, fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Origin: No Data.
References: Howell, J.T. et al. (1937), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
(2010), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
363. Coldenia fusca (Hook. f.) Gürke

Unresolved nomenclature as of 18-Jul-2011. May be synonymous wtih Tiquilia fusca (Hook. f.) A.T.
Richardson, fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Origin: No Data.
References: Howell, J.T. et al. (1937), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
364. Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott

Syn.: Arum colocasia L.
(1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1973), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
365. Commelina diffusa Burm. f.

Syn.: Commelina agraria Kunth fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). In
Andersson (1855) as Commelyna agraria.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Blake, S. et al. (2011), Cayot, L. J. et al.
(1987), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al.
(1847), Hunt, D.R. et al. (1993), Itow, S. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jäger, H. et al. (2007), Jaramillo,
P. et al. (1998), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Nowak,
J.B. et al. (1985), Quintana, C. et al. (2016), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
366. Commicarpus tuberosus (Lam.) Standl.

Syn.: Boerhavia excelsa Willd.; Harriman (1999) as Commicarpus crassifolius Heimerl. In Hooker (1847),
Stewart (1911), Chrisotphersen (1932), and Svenson (1935) as Boerhaavia scandens L., Andersson (1855) as
Boerhavia scandens L.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Cayot, L. J. et al.
(1987), Eliasson, U. et al. (1966), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Harriman, N.A. et al. (1999), Heleno, R. et al.
(2011), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Standley, P.C. et al. (1937), Stewart, A. et
al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971).
367. Conocarpus erectus L.

Orthographical variation: Conocarpus erecta.
Cruz, Santiago.
References: Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Lundh, J.P. et al.
Schofield, E.K. et al. (1971), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al.
368. Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist

Syn.: Erigeron linifolius Willd. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010) In
Itow (1997) as Conyza bonariense
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hendrix, L.B. et al. (1986), Itow, S. et al.
(1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al.
369. Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist

Syn.: Erigeron canadensis L.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E.
et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Nash, D.L. et al. (1976), Nash, D.L. et al. (1976), Nowak, J.B. et al.
370. Corchorus orinocensis Kunth

Syn.: Corchorus hirtus var. orinocensis (Kunth) K. Schum. This species, as reported by Wiggins & Porter
(1971), most likely also refers to Corchorus pilobolus Link sensu Robinson (1902) et Stewart (1911).
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, Santa Cruz.
References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Hokche, O. et al.
(2008), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
371. Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken

Syn.: Lithocardium alliodorum Kuntze
References: Bacigalupo, N. et al. (1999), Boshier, D. H. et al. (1997), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Flores, E. et al.
(1985), Gardener, M. R. et al. (1999), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E.
et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Prado Erazo, G.E. et al. (1988), Prado
Erazo, G.E. et al. (1986), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
372. Cordia galapagensis Gürke

Accepted by Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010); however, Wiggins & Porter
(1971) treats it as a synonym of Cordia leucophlyctis Hook. f.
Origin: No Data.
Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
373. Cordia hookeriana Gürke

Acc. name: Cordia revoluta Hook. f. fide Wiggins & Porter (1971). However, both C. hookeriana and C.
revoluta are accepted names by Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). Syn.:
Cordia linearis Hook. f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
References: Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
374. Cordia linearis Hook. f.

Acc. name: Cordia revoluta Hook. f. fide Wiggins & Porter (1971), Cordia hookeriana Gürke fide Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). Wiggins & Porter (1971) unite C. hookeriana
with C. revoluta, but Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010) accepts them both.
Origin: No Data.
References: Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
375. Cordia lutea Lam.

Syn.: Varronia flava Andersson, Varronia rotundifolia A.DC., fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal,
Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago, Wolf.
References: Adsersen, A. et al. (1987), Adsersen, A. et al. (1987), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1858), Andersson,
N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Blake, S. et al. (2011), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Christophersen,
E. et al. (1932), Grant, P.R. et al. (1987), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et
al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Mauchamp, A. et al.
(1995), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), McMullen, C.K. et al. (2011), Restrepo,
A. et al. (2011), Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
(2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1971), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Sequeira, A.S.
et al. (2000), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff,
376. Cordia polycephala (Lam.) I. Johns

Syn.: Cordia corymbosa (Desv.) G. Don
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
377. Cordyline fruticosa (L.) Chev.

Syn.: Cordyline terminalis
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010).
378. Coriandrum sativum L.

Syn.: Selinum coriandrum Krause
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010),
Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Reck, G. et al. (1986),
379. Corymborchis sp.

This genus contains no accepted names. Corymborchis decumbens (Lindl.) L.O. Williams, C. flava (Sw.)
Kuntze, and C. forcipigera (Rchb. f. & Warsz.) L.O. Williams were transferred to the genus Corymborkis,
while Corymborchis polystachya (Sw.) Kuntze was moved into the genus Tropidia. Fide Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Origin: No Data.
References: Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Svenson, H.K. et al.
(1935).
380. Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.

Syn.: Bidens formosa (Bonato) Sch. Bip.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Nash, D.L. et al. (1976), Nash, D.L. et al. (1976), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
381. Costus guanaiensis var. tarmicus (Loes.) Maas

Syn.: Costus longifolius Rusby
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Maas, P.J. et al.
(1976), Maas, P.J. et al. (1972), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
382. Cranichis ciliata Kunth

Syn.: Cranichis schlimii Rchb.f., C. pachnodes Løjtnant fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana.
References: Garay, L.A. et al. (1978), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
383. Cranichis lichenophila D. Weberqc

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia,
R. et al. (2000), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Weber, D. et al. (1973).
384. Cranichis werffii Garay

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Garay, L.A. et al. (1978), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000).
385. Crassula ovata (Mill.) Druce

Syn.: Crassula arborescens Willd.
386. Crescentia cujete L.
Syn.: Crescentia acuminata Kunth
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hamann, O. et al.
(1974), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
387. Cressa truxillensis Kunth

Syn.: Cressa cretica var. truxillensis (Kunth) Choisy
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Austin, D.F. et al.
388. Crinum asiaticum L.

Syn.: Bulbine asiatica (L.) Gaertn. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
389. Crinum x amabile var. amabile Donn

References: Dodson, C.H. et al. (1978), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
390. Crinum x amabile var. augustum (Roxb.) Ker Gawl.

391. Crinum zeylanicum (L.) L.

Syn.: Amaryllis zeylanica L.
392. Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (Lemoine) N.E. Br.

Syn.: Tritonia crocosmiiflora (C.J. Morren)
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010).
393. Crossandra infundibuliformes Nees

Syn.: Crossandra axillaris Nees
394. Crotalaria incana var. incana L.

Syn.: Crotalaria cytisifolia Hoffmanns. ex Steud.; Wiggins & Porter (1971) as Crotalaria setifera DC.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
395. Crotalaria incana var. nicaraguensis Senn

Syn.: Crotalaria glabrescens Andersson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
396. Crotalaria pumila Ortega

Syn.: Crotalaria lupulina DC. fide Wiggins & Porter (1971), C. lupulina Kunth, C. puberula Hook.f. fide
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
Atahuachi, M. et al. (1996), Blake, S. et al. (2011), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Hendrix,
L.B. et al. (1986), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Macbride, J.F. et al. (1943), Robinson,
B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Standley, P.C. et al. (1946), Stewart, A. et al.
(1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L.
et al. (1971).
397. Crotalaria retusa L.

Syn.: Crotalaria retusifolia Stokes
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Bernal, H.Y. et al. (1986), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Dwyer, J. D. et
al. (1981), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
398. Croton scouleri var. brevifolius (Andersson) Müll. Arg.

Syn.: Croton brevifolius Andersson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Davis, S. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Robinson, B.L. et al.
Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Webster, G.L. et al. (1970), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
399. Croton scouleri var. darwinii G.L. Webster

Galapagos Distribution: Darwin, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Wolf.
References: Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983),
Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Webster, G.L. et al. (1970), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
400. Croton scouleri var. grandifolius Müll. Arg.

Galapagos Distribution: Darwin, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Davis, S. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et
al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Webster, G.L. et al. (1970), Wiggins, I.L.
et al. (1971).
401. Croton scouleri var. scouleri Hook. f.

Syn.: Croton albescens Andersson, C. macraei Hook. f., C. scouleri f. macraei (Hook.f.) Webster, C. scouleri
f. microphyllus Muell. Arg., C. scouleri var. albescens (Andersson) Müll.Arg., C. scouleri var. castellanus
Svenson, C. scouleri var. glabriusculus, C. scouleri var. macraei (Hook.f.) Müll.Arg. fide Royal Botanic
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, San
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Hooker,
J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
(2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Webster, G.L. et al. (1970), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
402. Croton xalapensis ???

In Hooker (1847) as C. Xalapensis Humb.?, Andersson (1855) as C. xalapensis HBK. According to Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010), this combination refers to two different taxa: C.
xalapensis Hook.f. and C. xalapensis Kunth. The former is regarded as a synonym of Croton scouleri var.
scouleri while the latter is an accepted name. The type citation for the Hooker name is the 1847 checklist.
However, in litt., both the Hooker and Andersson citations refer to the same Darwin specimen from Santiago
Island.
Origin: No Data.
Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010).
403. Cryptanthus acaulis (Lindl.) Beer

Syn.: Cryptanthus sinuosus L.B. Sm. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010).
404. Cryptocarpus pyriformis Kunth

Syn.: Cryptocarpus cordifolius Moric, C. pyriformis var. cordifolius Moq. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862),
Atkinson, I. A. E. et al. (1987), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Eliasson, U. et al. (1966), Grant, P.R. et al. (1987),
Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow,
S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Riley,
L.A.M. et al. (1925), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K.
et al. (1971), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Sequeira, A.S. et al. (2000), Standley,
P.C. et al. (1937), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971).
405. Cryptostegia grandiflora (Roxb.) R. Br.

Syn.: Nerium grandiflorum Roxb.
406. Ctenanthe setosa Eichler

407. Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. ex Spach

Syn.: Cucumis ambigua Fenzl ex Hook. f.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Davidse, G. et al.
(2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wunderlin,
R.P. et al. (1978).
408. Cucumis melo L.

Syn.: Bryonia callosa Rottler
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al.
(1995), Reck, G. et al. (1986), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
409. Cucumis sativus L.

Syn.: Cucumis esculentus Salisb.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(2005), Kirkbride, J.H. et al. (1993), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Reck, G. et al.
410. Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché

In Stewart (1911) and Wiggins & Porter (1971) as Cucurbita pepo, fide Jørgensen & León-Yanez (1999).
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
411. Cucurbita moschata (Duchesne ex Lam.) Duchesne ex Poir.

Syn.: Cucurbita maxima
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Reck, G. et al. (1986), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
412. Cucurbita pepo L.

Syn.: Cucurbita melopepo L.; Cucumis pepo (L.) Dumort. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
Botanical Garden (2010). Erroneously reported by Stewart (1911) and Wiggins & Porter (1971);
misidentification of Cucurbita ficifolia, fide Jørgensen & León-Yanez (1999).
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Clavijo,
P. et al. (1991), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lundh, J.P. et
413. Cuphea bustamanta Lex.

Syn.: Cuphea bustamanta f. reipublicae (B.L. Rob. & Seaton) Koehne
References: Graham, S.A. et al. (1989), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
414. Cuphea carthagenensis (Jacq.) G.F. Macbr.

In Caruel (1889), Robinson (1902), and Stewart (1911) as Cuphea patula St.-Hil fide Wiggins & Porter
(1971), Itow (1997) as Cuphea carthagensis.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M.
(1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van Leeuwen, J.F. et al. (2008), Wiggins, I.L.
et al. (1971).
415. Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth

Syn.: Parsonsia hyssopifolia (Kunth) Standl.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Davidse, G. et al. (2009), Graham, S.A. et al. (1989), Guézou, A. et al.
416. Cuphea racemosa (L. f.) Spreng.
Syn.: Lythrum racemosum L. f.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Graham, S.A. et al. (1989), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lourteig, A. et al. (1989), McMullen, C.K. et
al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1977).
417. Cuscuta acuta Engelm.

Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Marchena, Santa Cruz,
Santiago.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Austin, D.F. et al. (1982), Beliz, T. et
al. (1986), Beliz, T. et al. (1986), Chen, W. et al. (2014), Costea, M. et al. (2015), Costea, M. et al. (2015),
Costea, M. et al. (2006), Costea, M. et al. (2009), Costea, M. et al. (2010), Costea, M. et al. (2013), Costea,
M. et al. (2011), Costea, M. et al. (2011), Costea, M. et al. (2006), Costea, M. et al. (2009), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Mauchamp, A. et al. (1995), Nowak, J.B.
et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
(2010), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Stefanovic et al. (2004), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000).
418. Cuscuta campestris Yunck.

Syn.: Cuscuta gymnocarpa Engelm.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Austin, D.F. et al. (1982), Beliz, T. et al. (1986), Beliz, T. et al. (1986), Chen, W. et al. (2014),
M. et al. (2009), Costea, M. et al. (2015), Costea, M. et al. (2010), Costea, M. et al. (2013), Costea, M. et al.
(2011), Costea, M. et al. (2011), Costea, M. et al. (2006), Costea, M. et al. (2009), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
419. Cuscuta sandvicensis var. mimosae Hook. f.

Cited by Hooker (1847). However, this taxon is not listed in any other literature, including Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). In Andersson's 1855 checklist, he references this taxon
sensu Hooker and the same Darwin specimens t under the entry for Cuscuta sandwichiana Choisy (p. 214).
The nomenclature of C. sandwichiana Choisy is unresolved as of 08-Aug-2011 fide Royal Botanic Gardens,
Origin: No Data.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Chen, W. et al. (2014), Costea, M. et al. (2015), Costea, M. et al.
(2015), Costea, M. et al. (2006), Costea, M. et al. (2009), Costea, M. et al. (2010), Costea, M. et al. (2013),
Costea, M. et al. (2011), Costea, M. et al. (2011), Costea, M. et al. (2006), Costea, M. et al. (2009), Hooker,
J.D. et al. (1847), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010).
420. Cuscuta sandwichiana Choisy

(2010). Likely in Hooker (1847) as Cuscuta sandvicensis var. mimosae Hook. f., since Andersson's entry for
C. sandwichiana in his 1855 checklist mentions Hooker's citation.
Origin: No Data.
M. et al. (2010), Costea, M. et al. (2013), Costea, M. et al. (2011), Costea, M. et al. (2011), Costea, M. et al.
(2006), Costea, M. et al. (2009), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010).
421. Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob.

Syn.: Conyza cinerea L. Jørgensen & León-Yánez (1999) as Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.
References: Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Robinson, H. et
al. (2006), Robinson, H. et al. (1990), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
422. Cyclanthera pedata var. edulis (Naudin) Cogn.

423. Cyclopogon werffii Dodson

References: Dodson, C. et al. (1993), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R.
et al. (2000).
424. Cyclospermum laciniatum (DC.) Constance

Syn.: Apium lactinatum (DC.) Urb., Helosciadium laciniatum DC. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew &
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Constance,
L. et al. (1990), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1994),
Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
425. Cyclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Sprague ex Britton & P. Wilson

Syn.: Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) F .Muell. ex Benth., Helosciadium leptophyllum (Pers.) DC, fide Royal
Botanic Gardens
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
426. Cylindropuntia arbuscula (Engelm.) F.M. Knuth

Syn.: Opuntia arbuscula Engelm.
427. Cymbalaria muralis P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.

Syn.: Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill.
References: Barringer, K. et al. (2000), CONABIO et al. (2009), Holmgren, N.H. et al. (1984), Jørgensen,
P.M. et al. (2010), Standley, P.C. et al. (1937), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
428. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf

Syn.: Andropogon schoenanthus.
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(s.a.), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
429. Cynara cardunculus L.

Syn.: Cynara scolymus L.
430. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Blake, S. et al. (2011), CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al.
(1987), Espejo Serna, A. et al. (2000), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Laegaard, S. et al. (2001), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Peterson, P.M. et al. (2001), Porter, D.M. et al.
(1983), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
431. Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst

Syn.: Cynodon dactylon var. sarmentosus Parodi
References: Davidse, G. et al. (1994), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Laegaard, S. et al. (2004), McVaugh, R. et al.
(1983), Pohl, R.W. et al. (1980), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
432. Cyperus anderssonii Boeck.

Syn.: Cyperus brachystachys (Hook.f.) Andersson, Mariscus brachystachys Hook. f. fide Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). In Andersson (1855) as Mariscus mutsii, Robinson
(1902) as Cyperus mutisii.
Galapagos Distribution: Darwin, Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta,
Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago, Wolf.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Grant, P.R.
et al. (1987), Hendrix, L.B. et al. (1986), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Mauchamp, A. et al. (1995), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Robinson,
B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al.
(1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1939), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Van der Werff,
433. Cyperus compressus L.

Syn.: Chlorocyperus compressus (L.) Palla
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Svenson, H.K.
et al. (1939), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Tucker, G.C. et al. (1994), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
434. Cyperus confertus Sw.

Syn.: Cyperis biuncialis Andersson, C. dissitiflorus Andersson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago, Wolf.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Grant, P.R. et
al. (1987), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al.
435. Cyperus digitatus Roxb.

Syn.: Cyperus mexicanus Liebm.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Tucker, G.C. et al. (1994), Tucker, G.C. et
al. (1986).
436. Cyperus distans L. f.

References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Svenson, H.K. et al. (1939), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
437. Cyperus elegans L.

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Royal
438. Cyperus elegans ssp. rubiginosus (Hook. f.) Eliasson

Syn.: Cyperus cornutus Andersson, C. rubiginosus Hook.f., C. rubiginosus var. cornutus (Andersson)
B.L.Rob., Mariscus cornutus Andersson, fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Hooker, J.D.
et al. (1847), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Svenson, H.K. et al.
439. Cyperus esculentus L.

In Hooker (1847), Andersson (1855), and Robinson (1902) as Cyperus strigosus L.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Wolf.
CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847),
H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Tucker, G.C. et al. (1994), Tucker, G.C. et al. (1986), Van der
440. Cyperus grandifolius Andersson

Syn.: Cyperus galapagensis Caruel fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Cayot, L. J.
et al. (1987), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Itow, S. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Robinson, B.L. et al.
441. Cyperus involucratus Rottb.

Syn.: Cyperus flabelliformis Rottb.; Cyperus alternifolius L.
References: Baijnath, H. et al. (1975), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Tucker, G.C. et al. (1986), Zuloaga, F.O. et al. (2008).
442. Cyperus laevigatus L.

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Castro, S. A. et al. (2010), CONABIO et al.
(2009), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Schatz, G.E. et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Tucker, G.C. et al. (1986),
443. Cyperus ligularis L.

Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, Santa Cruz.
References: Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Blake, S. et al. (2011), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Eliasson, U. et al.
(1965), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Hendrix, L.B. et al. (1986), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et
Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
444. Cyperus odoratus L.

Syn.: Cyperus ferax Rich.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E.
et al. (1987), Standley, P.C. et al. (1958), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Tucker, G.C. et al. (1986), Van der
Werff, H.H. et al. (1977).
445. Cyperus papyrus L.

Syn.: Papyrus antiquorum Willd.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
446. Cyperus rotundus L.

References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), CONABIO et al. (2009),
Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902),
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schatz, G.E. et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Wiggins, I.L.
et al. (1971).
447. Cyperus squarrosus L.

Syn.: Cyperus aristatus Rottb., Cyperus inflexus Muhl. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al.
448. Cyperus virens Michx.

Syn.: Cyperus vegetus var. acutangulus (Boeckeler) Kuntze fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
449. Cyperus virens ssp. drummondii (Torr. & Hook.) T. Koyama
Syn.: Cyperus drummondii Torr. & Hook. In Hooker (1847), Andersson (1855), Robinson (1902), Svenson
(1935), and Eliasson (1965) as Cyperus surinamensis, fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
(1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Koyama, T. et al. (1970), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Robinson, B.L. et
al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff,
450. Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) Willd.

Syn.: Eleusine aegyptia (L.) Desf. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010);
Peterson (2001) as Aegilops saccharinum Walter
References: Gould, F.W. et al. (1979), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Peterson, P.M.
et al. (2001), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org.
451. Dahlia pinnata Cav.

Syn.: Dahlia variabilis
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.).
452. Dalea tenuicaulis Hook. f.

Syn.: Dalea parvifolia Hook. f., Parosela parvifolia (Hook.f.) J.F.Macbr., P. tenuicaulis (Hook.f.) J.F.Macbr.,
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1858), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855),
Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Barneby, R.C. et al. (1977), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Hooker, J.D.
et al. (1847), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925), Robinson,
B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al.
453. Dalechampia scandens L.

Syn.: Dalechampia villosa Lam.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
454. Darwiniothamnus lancifolius ssp. glabriusculus (Stewart) Lawesson & Adsersen

Syn.: Darwiniothamnus tenuifolius var. glabriusculus (Stewart) Cronquist, Erigeron lancifolius Hook f., E.
lancifolius var. glabriusculus Stewart. In Hooker (1847) as Erigeron lancifolium.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andrus, N. et al. (2009), Harling, G. et al. (1962), Hooker, J.D. et al.
(1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Liu, H. et al. (2012), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902),
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R.
455. Darwiniothamnus lancifolius ssp. glandulosus Harling

References: Andrus, N. et al. (2009), Hendrix, L.B. et al. (1986), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Liu, H. et al. (2012), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
456. Darwiniothamnus lancifolius ssp. lancifolius (Hook. f.) Harling

Syn.: Erigeron lancifolius Hook. f. Existence in doubt as separate taxon - intermediate between glandulosus
and glabriusculus.
References: Andrus, N. et al. (2009), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Harling, G. et al. (1962), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Liu, H. et al. (2012), Valencia, R. et al.
(2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
457. Darwiniothamnus tenuifolius var. santacruzianus Harling

Syn.: Darwiniothamnus tenuifolius var. tenuifolius. In Harling (1962) as Darwiniothamnus tenuifolius ssp.
santacruzianus.
References: Andrus, N. et al. (2009), Harling, G. et al. (1962), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
458. Darwiniothamnus tenuifolius var. tenuifolius (Hook. f.) Harling
Syn.: Erigeron tenuifolius Hook. f. In Harling (1962) as Darwiniothamnus tenuifolius ssp. tenuifolius.
IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, Santa Cruz.
References: Andrus, N. et al. (2009), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Harling, G. et al. (1962), Liu, H. et al.
(2012), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
459. Datura inoxia Mill.

Syn.: Datura guayaquilensis Kunth
References: Cabrera, A.L. et al. (1983), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Lawesson, J.E. et
al. (1987), Macbride, J.F. et al. (1962), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Zuloaga, F.O. et
al. (2008).
460. Datura metel L.

Syn.: Datura fastuosa L.
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al.
461. Datura stramonium var. stramonium L.

References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L.
et al. (1971).
462. Datura stramonium var. tatula (L.) Torr.

Syn.: Datura tatula L. fide Wiggins & Porter (1971)
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al.
(1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
463. Daucus carota L.

Syn.: Carota sativa Rupr.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al.
(1995), Reck, G. et al. (1986), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wolf, T. et al. (1879).
464. Delilia biflora (L.) Kuntze

Syn.: Elvira biflora (L.) DC.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), CONABIO et al. (2009), Delprete, P.G. et al. (1995), Porter, D.M. et
al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1977).
465. Delilia inelegans (Hook. f.) Kuntze

Syn.: Desmocephalum inelegans Hook.f., Elvira inelegans fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
Botanical Garden (2010). The specimens make it clear that it is nothing like D. repens (nor biflora) and is a
distinct species.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Delprete, P.G. et al. (1995), Hooker,
J.D. et al. (1847), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et
466. Delilia repens (Hook. f.) Kuntze

Syn.: Elvira atripliciformis Howell, E. repens (Hook.f.) Robinson., Microcoecia repens Hook.f. fide Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Delprete, P.G. et al. (1995), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Howell,
J.T. et al. (1935), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011),
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L.
et al. (1971).
467. Delonix regia (Boger ex Hook.) Raf.

Syn.: Poinciana regia Bojer ex Hook.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Howard, R.A. et al. (1988), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Linares, J.L. et
al. (2005), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Schatz, G.E. et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Standley,
P.C. et al. (1946), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001).
468. Delostoma sp. 1
469. Dendranthema indicum (L.) Des Moul.

Syn.: Chrysanthemum indicum L.
470. Dendranthema x grandiflorum cv peggy Stevens (Ramat.) Kitam.

Syn.: Chrysanthemum peggy
471. Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.

Syn.: Desmanthus depressus Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
Botanical Garden (2010). Wiggins & Porter only cite one variety: Desmanthus virgatus var. depressus as
pertaining to the Galapagos.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Heleno, R. et
al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
472. Desmanthus virgatus var. depressus Turner

Syn.: Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.; According to Wiggins & Porter (1971, p. 649): "Probably all of the
plants from the Galápagos Islands can be referr to var. depressus." However, "There is no sharp demarcation
of morphological characters or geographical separation" and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
Botanical Garden (2010) treats D. virgatus var. depressus as a synonym of D. virgatus.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Howard,
R.A. et al. (1988), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Schery, R.W. et al. (1951), Standley,
P.C. et al. (1946), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
473. Desmodium glabrum (Mill.) DC.

Syn.: Desmodium molle (Vahl) DC. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz,
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Brako, L. et al. (1993), CONABIO et al.
(2009), Dwyer, J. D. et al. (1981), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Howard, R.A. et al.
(1988), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Macbride, J.F. et al.
(1943), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Van
474. Desmodium incanum DC.

Syn.: Desmodium canum fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz,
Santiago.
References: Blake, S. et al. (2011), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Grant, P.R. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Itow, S. et al. (1997), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al.
(1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
475. Desmodium intortum (Mill.) Urb.

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Quintana, M.C. et
al. (2010), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
476. Desmodium procumbens (Mill.) Hitchc.

Syn.: Desmodium spirale DC., D. tenuiculum DC. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010)
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), CONABIO et al.
(2009), Dwyer, J. D. et al. (1981), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Howard, R.A. et al. (1988), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Standley, P.C. et al. (1946),
Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
477. Dianthus caryophyllus L.

Syn.: Dianthus deltoides L.
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Zuloaga, F.O. et al. (1997).
478. Dichondra microcalyx (Hallier f.) Fabris

Syn.: Dichondra repens Forst., D. repens var. microcalyx fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
References: Austin, D.F. et al. (1982), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
479. Dichorisandra sp. 1

480. Dichromena colorata (L.) Hitchc.

Acc. name: Rhynchospora colorata (L.) Pfeiff fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010). In Stewart (1911) as Dichronema colorata. First mentioned by Stewart (1911). In the copy of
Stewart's checklist archived at the Charles Darwin Research Station library, the entry for Dichronema colorata
is crossed out, and above is written "CDRS No. 948/Rhynchospora nervosa (Vahl) Böeckler" in the
handwriting of Prof. Ira Wiggins, yet the name does not appear in Wiggins & Porter (1971). Next mention is
by Eliasson (1965) citing a collection by Fagerlind and Wibom (No. 3135) in 1953.
Origin: No Data.
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
481. Dichromena leucocephala Michx.

Acc. name: Rhynchospora colorata (L.) H.Pfeiff. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010). In Robinson (1902) as Dichronema leucocephala. Not mentioned in subsequent Galapagos
literature, including Wiggins & Porter (1971).
Origin: No Data.
References: Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
482. Dicliptera peruviana (Lam.) Juss.

Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela, Santiago.
Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
483. Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott

Syn.: Dieffenbachia picta
484. Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler

Syn.: Digitaria adscendens fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). In
Robinson (1902) as Panicum sanguinale, Stewart (1911) as Digitaria sanguinalis fide Wiggins & Porter
(1971)
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Jäger, H. et al. (2007), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et
al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et
485. Digitaria eriantha Steud.

References: Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hamann, O. et al. (1984), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Laegaard, S. et al. (2004), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1977).
486. Digitaria eriantha ssp. pentzii (Stent) Kok

Syn.: Digitaria pentzii Stent fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
487. Digitaria horizontalis Willd.

In Hooker (1847) as Digitaria serotina, Andersson (1855) as Paspalum serotinum, Robinson (1902) and
Stewart (1911) as Panicum serotinum.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guerrero, A.
et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1951), Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1936), Hooker,
J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jäger, H. et al. (2007), Lindeman, J.C. et al. (1963), Nowak, J.B. et al.
(1987), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Smith, L.B. et al. (1982), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
488. Digitaria setigera Roth

Syn.: Cynodon setiger (Roth) A. Rich. ex Hassk.; Bor (1960) as Axonopus corymbosus (Roxb.) Schult.
References: Blake, S. et al. (2011), CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Vega, A.S. et al. (2003), Veldkamp, J.F. et al. (1973).
489. Dillenia indica L.

Syn.: Dillenia speciosa Thunb.
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
490. Dioclea reflexa Hook. f.

Syn.: Canavalia reflexa (Hook. f.) C. Wright
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Dwyer, J. D. et al. (1981), Hamann, O. et al.
(1974), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
491. Dioclea virgata (Rich.) Amshoff

References: Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Jørgensen, P.M.
et al. (1999), Macbride, J.F. et al. (1943), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
492. Diodia radula (Willd. & Hoffmanns. ex Roem. & Schult.) Cham. & Schltdl.
Syn.: Spermacoce radula Willd. & Hoffmanns. ex Roem. & Schult. All specimens of Borreria laevis and
Diodia radula listed in the CDS herbarium before March 18th, 2009 were renamed as Spermacoce remota or
S. sp. (name to be adopted in the forecoming revision of the Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador
(Charlotte Taylor, pers.comm. 2009). B. laevis is not the accepted name for any neotropical plant species
anymore (pers. Comm., Charlotte Taylor, MoBot, February 2009; refs. 157). D. radula, as treated by Wiggins
& Porter (1971), is considered by all recent taxonomic specialists of Diodia to be restricted to Venezuela, the
Guianas, and NE Brazil and has not been confirmed by them from the Galapagos (pers. comm. Charlotte
Taylor, 2009 and refs. 158 and 159). The previously mentioned specimens need to be revised to confirm
accurate identification.
References: Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (s.a.), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van Leeuwen, J.F.
493. Dioscorea bulbifera L.

Syn.: Dioscorea alata.
494. Disocactus flagelliformis (L.) Barthlott

Syn.: Disocactus flagelliformis (L.) Barthlott and Cactus flagelliformis L.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Standley, P.C. et al. (1962), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009).
495. Disocactus sp. 1

496. Distichlis spicata var. stricta (Torr.) Bettle

Syn.: Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene. Apparently based solely on Lawesson 2489 (CDS 4848), which is
actually Paspalum vaginatum. A. Guézou (Oct. 2009): Species presence confirmed by collections in 2004.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (s.a.), Norman, E.M. et al. (1979), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
497. Dodonaea viscosa var. galapagensis (Scherff) Porter

Syn.: Dodonaea eriocarpa f. galapagensis Sherff
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal.
References: Itow, S. et al. (1997), Porter, D.M. et al. (1970), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
498. Dracaena angustifolia Roxb.
Syn.: Dracaena ensifolia Wall.
499. Dracaena braunii Engl.

Syn.: Dracaena sanderiana Sander fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
500. Dracaena deremensis Engl.

Syn.: Dracaena fragrans (L.) Ker Gawl.
References: Grayum, M.H. et al. (2003), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999),
501. Dracaena fragrans (L.) Ker Gawl.

Syn.: Aletris fragrans L.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Davidse, G. et al. (1994), Grayum, M.H. et al. (2003), Guézou, A. et al.
502. Dracaena marginata Hort.

503. Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Schult.

References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987),
Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), CONABIO et al. (2009), Eliasson, U. et al. (1966), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007),
Itow, S. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jäger, H. et al. (2007), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M.
504. Drymaria monticola Howell
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U. et al. (1966), Itow, S. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
505. Drymaria rotundifolia A. Gray

Syn.: Drymaria nitida Ball; Zuloaga (1997) as Alsine rotundifolia (Poir.) Macloskie
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U. et al. (1966), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
506. Duranta dombeyana Moldenke

Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
507. Duranta erecta L.

Syn.: Duranta plumieri, D. repens L., D. repens var. microphylla, D. repens var. repens fide Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Robinson, B.L. et
al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
508. Duranta mutisii L.f.

Galapagos Distribution: Pinzón.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Jørgensen, P.M.
et al. (1994), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
509. Dypsis lutescens (H. Wendl.) Beentje & J. Dransf.

Syn.: Chaenerops humilis
510. Echeveria peacockii Croucher

Syn.: Cotyledon desmetiana (E. Morren) Hemsl.
511. Echeveria pulvinata Rose

Syn.: Cotyledon pulvinata Hook. f.
512. Echinocactus sp. 1

513. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link

Syn.: Panicum colonum L.; Oplismenus colonus (L.) Kunth, fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
Botanical Garden (2010). In Itow (1997) as Echinochloa colonum.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1951), Hitchcock, A.S.
et al. (1936), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1999), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et
al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971), Zuloaga, F.O. et al. (1997).
514. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.

Syn.: Echinochloa crus-galli var. aristata Gray
References: Espejo Serna, A. et al. (2000), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1951), Hitchcock,
A.S. et al. (1936), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
515. Echinopsis calochlora K. Schum.

References: Foster, R.C. et al. (1958), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Navarro, G. et al. (1996), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
516. Echinopsis eyriesii (Turpin) Pfeiff. & Otto

Syn.: Echinopsis eyriesii (Turpin) Zucc. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010)
Origin: No Data.
517. Echinopsis pachanoi (Britton & Rose) Friedrich & G.D. Rowley
Syn.: Trichocereus pachanoi
518. Elaeis guineensis Jacq.

Syn.: Elaeis guineensis var. madagascariensis Jum. & H. Perrier
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Schatz, G.E. et al.
519. Elaterium carthagenense var. cordatum (Hook. f.) Svenson

this name is according to Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden (2010) unresolved, but
some data suggest that it is synonymous with Rytidostylis carthagenensis (Jacq.) Kuntze
References: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
520. Elaterium cordatum Hook. f.

(2010). Some data suggest that it is synonymous with Rytidostylis carthagenensis (Jacq.) Kuntze.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal
(1971), Wunderlin, R.P. et al. (1978).
521. Eleocharis acutangula (Roxb.) Schult.
Syn.: Eleocharis fistulosa Link, E. fistulosa Schult. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010).
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
522. Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz.) J. Presl. & C. Presl.

Syn.: Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz.) Kunth fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010).
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Davidse, G. et al. (1994), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), González E. et al.
(1994), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
523. Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem. & Schult.

Syn.: Eleocharis capitata (L) R. Br., E. caribaea (Rottb.) S.F. Blake.
References: Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
524. Eleocharis maculosa (Vahl) Roem. & Schult.

Syn.: Eleocharis maculosa (Vahl) R. Br. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010).
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Brako, L. et al. (1993), CONABIO et al. (2009), Eliasson, U. et al.
(1965), González E. et al. (1994), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Standley, P.C. et al. (1958), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
525. Eleocharis montana (Kunth) Roem. & Schult.

Syn.: Eleocharis nodulosa (Roth) Schult. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010).
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Standley, P.C. et al. (1958), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001),
526. Eleocharis mutata (L.) Roem. & Schult.

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Davidse, G. et al. (1994), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
527. Eleocharis sellowiana Kunth

References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Davidse, G. et al. (1994), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Funk, V.T. et al.
(2007), González E. et al. (1994), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Standley, P.C. et al. (1958),
528. Elephantopus mollis Kunth

Syn.: Elephantopus tomentosus
529. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.

Blake, S. et al. (2011), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Espejo Serna, A. et al. (2000),
Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999),
Laegaard, S. et al. (2001), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Pohl, R.W. et al. (1980), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983),
Reeder, J.R. et al. (1971), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Swallen, J.R. et al. (1955),
530. Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.

Syn.: Sisyrinchium bulbosum Mill.
531. Elytraria imbricata (Vahl) Pers.

Syn.: Justicia imbricata Vahl
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
532. Emilia sonchifolia (L.) D.C.

Syn.: Cacalia sonchifolia L.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Nicolson, D.H. et al. (1980),
533. Encelia hispida Andersson

Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1858), Andersson,
N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987),
León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971).
534. Enteropogon mollis (Nees) Clayton

Syn.: Chloris mollis (Nees) Swallen, C anisopoda B.L.Rob. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana.
References: Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
535. Enydra maritima (Kunth) DC.

References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
536. Enydra sessilifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Cabrera
Syn.: Enydra maritima (Kunth) Less. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
537. Epidendrum spicatum Hook. f.

References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Christophersen, E. et al.
(1932), Hágsater, E. et al. (2007), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Liu, H. et al. (2012),
Luer, C.A. et al. (1972), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al.
538. Epiphyllum oxypetalum (DC.) Haw.

Syn.: Cereus latifrons Zucc. ex Pfeiff.
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Standley, P.C. et al.
(1962), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Véliz Pérez, M.E et al. (2008).
539. Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl.

Syn.: Epipremnum aureum (Linden & André) G.S. Bunting
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
540. Episcia cupreata (Hook.) Hanst.

Syn.: Achimenes cupreata Hook.
References: D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Mora, M. et
al. (2016), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
541. Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight & Arn. ex Nees
Syn.: Eragrostis tenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Schatz, G.E. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
542. Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vignolo ex Janch.

Syn.: Eragrostis major Host, E. megastachya (Koeler) Link, Poa megastachya Koeler fide Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). First record Andersson (1854/1858), as Poa
megastachya. In Svenson (1935) as Eragrostis cilianensis (All) Link.
Galapagos Distribution: Darwin, Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, Pinzón, San
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Grant, P.R. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Peterson, P. et al. (2016), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Reeder, J.R. et al.
543. Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R. Br.

Syn.: Poa ciliaris L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Fosberg, F. R. et al.
(1987), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Grant, P.R. et al. (1987), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Hendrix, L.B. et al.
(1986), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Judziewicz, E. J. et al. (1990), Laegaard, S. et al. (2001), Peterson, P. et al.
(2016), Peterson, P.M. et al. (2001), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
544. Eragrostis mexicana (Hornem.) Link

Syn.: Poa mexicana Hornem.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, Santa Cruz.
References: Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), McVaugh, R. et al. (1983), Pohl, R.W. et al. (1980), Quintana,
M.C. et al. (2010), Reeder, J.R. et al. (1971), Swallen, J.R. et al. (1955), Tovar, Ó. et al. (1993), Tropicos.org.
545. Eragrostis pastoensis (Kunth) Trin.

Syn.: Eragrostis montufari
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Marchena, Pinta.
References: Hamann, O. et al. (1993), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
546. Eragrostis tenuifolia (A. Rich.) Hochst. ex Steud.

Syn.: Eragrostis pilosa. Early records of E. pilosa were probably misidentified E. tenuifolia (S. Laegaard).
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010),
547. Erechtites hieraciifolius var. cacalioides (Fisch. ex Spreng.) Griseb.

Syn.: Erechtites cacalioides (Fisch. ex Spreng.) Less.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E.
et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
548. Erigeron alternifolius (Lawesson & Adsersen) N. Andrus & Tye

Syn.: Darwiniothamnus alternifolius Lawesson & Adsersen fide Tye (2010)
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andrus, N. et al. (2009), Atkinson, R. et al.
(2008), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E.
et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Liu, H. et al. (2012), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Tye, A. et al. (2010), Valencia, R. et al. (2000).
549. Erigeron tenuifolius var. tomentosus Stewart

Cited by Stewart (1911) (Stewart 740-741). However, this species is not listed in any other Galapagos
literature nor does this taxon appear in Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010) or
Wiggins & Porter (1971). Possible synonym of Darwiniothamnus tenuifolius.
550. Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.

Syn.: Mespilus japonica Thunb.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), CONABIO et al. (2009),
Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.),
Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Linares, J.L. et al. (2005), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995),
551. Eriochloa pacifica Mez

In Robinson (1902) and Stewart (1911) as Eriochloa distachya, Stewart (1911) also as Eriochloa punctata,
fide Wiggins & Porter (1971)
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Blake, S. et al. (2011), Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1936), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Reeder, J.R. et al. (1971), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Shaw, R.B. et al.
(1987), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tovar, Ó. et al. (1993), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
552. Eriochloa punctata (L.) Ham.

Two species, E. distachya and E. punctata, have been excluded from the Flora od Galápagos (Wiggins and
Porter); they are discussed briefly in the pages concluding the gramineae.
References: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
553. Eryngium foetidum L.

Syn.: Eryngium antihystericum Rottb.
554. Erythrina corallodendron Herb. Madr. ex Wallich

Syn.: Corallodendron occidentale (L.) Kuntze
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Krukoff, B.A. et al. (1974), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
555. Erythrina edulis Triana ex Micheli

Syn.: Erythrina esculenta Sprague
(1999), Krukoff, B.A. et al. (1974), Macbride, J.F. et al. (1943), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
556. Erythrina fusca Lour.

Syn.: Erythrina glauca
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Prado Erazo, G.E. et al. (1986), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
557. Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F. Cook

Syn.: Micropteryx poeppigiana Walp.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Cifuentes, M. et al. (19887), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Dwyer, J. D. et
al. (1981), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Howard, R.A. et al. (1988), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Krukoff, B.A. et al. (1974), Krukoff, B.A. et al. (1939), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
558. Erythrina smithiana Krukoff

References: Dodson, C.H. et al. (1978), Dodson, C.H. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M.
et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000).
559. Erythrina velutina Willd.

Syn.: Erythrina splendida Diels
Galapagos Distribution: Darwin, Genovesa, Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Wolf.
References: Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Grant, P.R. et al.
(1980), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Krukoff, B.A. et al. (1939), Lawesson, J.E. et
al. (s.a.), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Mauchamp, A. et al. (1995), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L.
et al. (1902), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1971), Smith, A.G. et al. (1964), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K.
560. Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm.

Syn.: Alpinia elatior Jack
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Vásquez. M.R. et al. (2003).
561. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.
Syn.: Eucalyptus rostrata Schltdl.
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Staples, G.W. et al. (2005), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
562. Eucalyptus cf. grandis W. Hill ex Maiden

563. Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. f.

Syn.: Eucalyptus maculata citriodora.
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (s.a.), Prado Erazo, G.E. et al. (1986), Staples, G.W. et al. (2005), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
564. Eucalyptus globulus Labill.

References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010),
Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
565. Eucalyptus maculata Hook.

Syn.: Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
566. Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.

Syn.: Eucalyptus umbellata (Gaertn.) Domin
567. Eucharis x grandiflora Planch. & Linden

Syn.: Eucharis lowii Baker
568. Eucrosia bicolor Ker Gawler

References: Dodson, C.H. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Meerow,
A.W. et al. (1990), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
569. Eugenia sp. 1

570. Eugenia stipitata Mc Vaugh

References: Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), McVaugh, R. et
571. Euphorbia abdita (D.G. Burch) Radcl.-Sm.

Syn.: Chamaesyce abdita D.G.Burch fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Burch, D. et al. (1969), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Huft, M.J. et al. (1985), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al.
(1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
572. Euphorbia amplexicaulis Hook.f.

Syn.: Chamaesyce amplexicaulis (Hook.f.) D.G. Burch fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010)
Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart,
A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935).
573. Euphorbia cotinifolia L.
Syn.: Alectoroctonum caracasanum Klotzsch & Garcke; CONABIO (2009) as Aklema cotinifolia (L.) Millsp.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), CONABIO et al. (2009), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
574. Euphorbia cyathophora Murray

Syn.: Euphorbia heterophylla f. cyathophora (Murray) Voss
575. Euphorbia equisetiformis Stewart

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Hamann, O. et al. (1979), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
576. Euphorbia galapageia B.L. Rob. & Greenm.

Syn.: Chamaesyce galapageia (B.L. Rob. & Greenm.) D.G. Burch fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Burch, D. et al. (1969), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
577. Euphorbia graminea Jacq.

Syn.: Euphorbia picta Jacq. Burger & Huft (1995) as Adenopetalum boerhaviifolium Klotzsch & Garcke
References: Burger, W. et al. (1995), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et
578. Euphorbia heterophylla L.

Syn.: Euphorbia geniculata Ortega
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Burger, W. et al. (1995), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991),
CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998),
Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Macbride, J.F. et al. (1951), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
579. Euphorbia lactea Haw.

References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Dodson, C.H. et al. (1985), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Royal Botanic
580. Euphorbia laurifolia Juss. ex Lam.

Syn.: Euphorbia latazi Kunth
References: Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
581. Euphorbia milii Des Moul.

Syn.: Euphorbia bojeri Hook.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al.
(2008), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Macbride, J.F. et
al. (1951), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Schatz, G.E. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
582. Euphorbia nummularia Hook.f.

Syn.: Chamaesyce nummularia (Hook.f.) D.G. Burch, Chamaesyce nummularia var. glabra (B.L. Rob. &
Greenm.) D.G. Burch, Chamaesyce nummularia var. nummularia (Hook. f.) D.G. Burch, Euphorbia
nummularia var. glabra B.L. Rob. & Greenm. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Genovesa, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al.
(1858), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Burch, D. et al. (1970), Burch, D. et
al. (1969), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et
al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
583. Euphorbia parviflora L.
Syn.: Euphorbia pilulifera L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). In
Svenson (1935) as Euphorbia pilulifera.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
584. Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch

Syn.: Poinsettia pulcherrima (Willd. ex Klotzsch) Graham
References: Burger, W. et al. (1995), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999),
Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Standley, P.C. et al. (1949), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
585. Euphorbia punctulata Andersson

Syn.: Chamaesyce punctulata (Andersson) D.G. Burch, C. bindloensis (Stewart) D.G.Burch, Euphorbia
anderssonii Millsp., E. articulata Andersson [Illegitimate], E. articulata var. bindloensis Stewart, E. bisulcata
J.T. Howell, E. diffusa Hook.f. [Illegitimate], E. howellii L.C.Wheeler fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1858), Andersson, N.J.
et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Burch, D. et al. (1969), Hassler, A. et al. (1939), Hooker,
J.D. et al. (1847), Howell, J.T. et al. (1935), Huft, M.J. et al. (1985), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
586. Euphorbia recurva Hook.f.

Syn.: Chamaesyce recurva (Hook.f.) D.G. Burch, Euphorbia apiculata Andersson, E. flabellaris Andersson ex
Boiss., E. nesiotica Rob. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Hassler, A. et al. (1939), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
587. Euphorbia tirucalli L.
Syn.: Arthrothamnus tirucalli (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Leach, L.C. et al. (1973), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Schatz, G.E. et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
588. Euphorbia viminea Hook.f.

Syn.: Chamaesyce viminea (Hook. f.) D.G. Burch., Euphorbia viminea var. abingdonensis B.L. Rob. &
Greenm., E. viminea f. abingdonensis B.L. Rob. & Greenm., E. viminea f. albemarlensis B.L. Rob. &
Greenm., E. viminea f. barringtonensis B.L. Rob. & Greenm., E. viminea f. carolensis B.L. Rob. & Greenm.,
E. viminea f. castellana B.L. Rob. & Greenm., E. viminea f. chathamensis B.L. Rob. & Greenm., E. viminea
f. jacobensis B.L. Rob. & Greenm., E. viminea f. jervensis B.L. Rob. & Greenm. fide Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
589. Evolvulus convolvuloides (Willd. ex Schult.) Stearn

Syn.: Evolvulus glaber Spreng., E. glabriusculus Choisy, E. hirsutus Kunth fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Santiago.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Austin, D.F. et
al. (1982), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
(1971).
590. Evolvulus simplex Andersson

Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa
Fé, Santiago.
N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Austin, D.F. et al. (1982), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999),
Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart,
A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.),
591. Exodeconus miersii (Hook. f.) D'Arcy

Syn.: Cacabus miersii, Dictyocalyx miersii, Thinogeton hookeri, T. miersii fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
(2009), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Hooker, J.D. et al.
(1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Mauchamp, A. et al.
Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
592. Ficus benjamina L.

Syn.: Ficus nitida Thunb.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009).
593. Ficus carica L.

(2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et
al. (1995), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wolf, T. et al. (1879).
594. Ficus cf. benghalensis L.

595. Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem.

Syn.: Ficus elastica var. variegata Roxb. ex Hornem.
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010),
596. Ficus pumila L.

Syn.: Ficus longipedicellata H. Perrier
References: Berg, C.C. et al. (1972), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
597. Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl

Syn.: Fimbristylis annua (All.) Roem. & Schult fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010); F. diphylla Vahl fide Wiggins & Porter (1971)
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Marchena, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé,
Santiago.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Davidse, G. et al. (1994), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Robinson, B.L. et
al. (1902), Standley, P.C. et al. (1958), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971).
598. Fittonia albivenis (Lindl. ex Veitch) Brummitt

Syn.: Adelaster albivenis Lindl. ex Veitch
599. Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze

Syn.: Flaveria contrayerba (Cav.) Pers. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010)
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987),
600. Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

Syn.: Anethum foeniculum L.
601. Fragaria vesca L.
Syn.: Potentilla vesca (L.) Scop.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(2005), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1990), Romoleroux, K. et al. (1996).
602. Fraxinus uhdei (Wenz.) Lingelsh.

Syn.: Fraxinus americana var. uhdei Wenz.; in Wallander, E. 2008 as Fraxinus cavekiana Standl. & Steyerm.
References: Davidse, G. et al. (2009), Green, P.S. et al. (1994), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Motooka, P. et al.
(1987), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wallander, E. et al. (2008).
603. Froelichia juncea ssp. alata Howell

Syn.: Froelichia nudicaulis ssp. longispicata Howell, F. nudicaulis var. longispicata Hook. f. fide Royal
References: Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
604. Froelichia juncea ssp. juncea B.L. Rob. & Greenm.

References: Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983),
605. Froelichia nudicaulis ssp. curta Howell

References: Howell, J.T. et al. (1933), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Kellogg, V.L. et
al. (1902), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et
al. (1971).
606. Froelichia nudicaulis ssp. lanigera (Andersson) Eliasson

Syn.: Froelichia lanigera Andersson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
References: Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Howell, J.T. et al. (1933), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
607. Froelichia nudicaulis ssp. nudicaulis Hook. f.

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter,
608. Fuertesimalva insularis (Kearney) Fryxell

Syn.: Urocarpidium insulare (Kearney) Krapov. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010)
References: Eliasson, U.H. et al. (1970), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
609. Furcraea hexapetala (Jacq.) Urb.

Syn.: Furcraea cubensis. In Jørgensen & León-Yánez (1999) as Agave hexapetala Jacq. and Furcraea cubensis
(Jacq.) Vent.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hamann, O. et al.
(1984), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), McMullen,
C.K. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1973), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
610. Galactia striata (Jacq.) Urb.

Syn.: Phaseolus tomentosus Andersson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010). In Svenson (1935) as Galatia jussiaeana var. volubilis Benth, fide Wiggins & Porter (1971). In
Tropicos (2009) as Galactia latisiliqua Desv.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Blake, S. et al. (2011), Burkart, A. et al.
(1971), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998),
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971).
611. Galactia tenuiflora (Willd.) Wight & Arn.

Syn.: Glycine tenuiflora Klein ex Willd. In Stewart (1911) as Galactea tenuiflora, Itow (1997) as Galactia
tenuifolia.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew et al. (2010), Schatz, G.E. et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der
612. Galapagoa darwini Hook. f.

Unresolved nomenclature as of 26-Jul-2011. Some data suggest that it is synonymous with Tiquilia darwinii
(Hook. f.) A.T. Richardson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
613. Galapagoa fusca Hook. f.

(2010). Some data suggest that it is synonymous with Tiquilia fusca (Hook. f.) A.T. Richardson.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
614. Galinsoga gnidiifolia Kunth

Syn.: Baccharis hemiprionoides H. Buek. Likely in Robinson (1902) and Stewart (1911) as Baccharis
pingraea var. angustissima.
References: Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Itow, S. et al. (1997), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Nowak, J.B. et al.
615. Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav.

Syn.: Galinsoga caracasana (DC.) Sch.Bip., G. urticaefolia
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hamann, O. et al. (1979), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1977).
616. Galium canescens Kunth

Syn.: Galium reynoldsii. First record "Rubia sp" Hooker (1847), not identified until 1980s.
References: Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
617. Galium galapagoense Wiggins

Syn.: Galium reynoldsii Dempster fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). In
Itow (1997) as Galium galapagensis.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1988), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
618. Galphimia gracilis Bartl.

Syn.: Thryallis gracilis (Bartl.) Kuntze; D'Arcy (1987) as Galphimia glauca f. parviflora Nied.
References: Anderson, C. et al. (2007), Brako, L. et al. (1993), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al.
619. Galvezia leucantha ssp. leucantha Wiggins

References: Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter,
620. Galvezia leucantha ssp. porphyrantha Tye & H. Jäger

References: Atkinson, R. et al. (2008), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
621. Galvezia leucantha ssp. pubescens Wiggins
References: Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et
al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et
al. (1971).
622. Gamochaeta purpurea (L.) Cabrera

Syn.: Gnaphalium purpureum fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Moll, E. et al. (1990),
Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971).
623. Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr.

Syn.: Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Linares, J.L. et al.
(2005), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001).
624. Gazania rigens L. (Gaertn.)

Syn.: Gorteria rigens L.
625. Geoffroea spinosa Jacq.

Syn.: Geoffroea superba Humb. & Bonpl., G. striata (Willd.) Morong fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew &
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Santa Cruz.
References: Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lundh,
J.P. et al. (1995), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971).
626. Gladiolus communis L.

Syn.: Gladiolus byzantinus Mill.
627. Glechoma hederacea L.

Syn.: Nepeta glechoma Benth.
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Harley, R.M. et al. (2012), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
628. Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp.

Syn.: Robinia sepium Jacq.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Dwyer, J. D. et al. (1981), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Howard, R.A. et al.
(1988), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Linares, J.L. et al. (2005), Prado, L. et al. (1995).
629. Gloxinia perennis (L.) Fritsch

Syn.: Eucolum crassifolium Salisb.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
630. Gloxinia sylvatica (Kunth) Wiehler

Syn.: Achimenes albescens Rusby
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009).
631. Glycine max (L.) Merr.

In litt., including Christophersen (1932) as Glycine soja.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter,
D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
632. Gnaphalium viravira Molina
In Wiggins & Porter (1971) as Gnaphalium vira-vira.
References: Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Hendrix, L.B. et al. (1986), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
633. Gomphrena globosa L.

Syn.: Aerva sanguinolenta
634. Gossypium barbadense L.

Syn.: Gossypium acuminatum Roxb. ex G. Don
References: Atkinson, I. A. E. et al. (1987), CONABIO et al. (2009), Fryxell, P. et al. (1979), Fryxell, P.A. et
al. (1992), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Sequeira, A.S. et al. (2000), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009).
635. Gossypium darwinii G. Watt

Syn.: Gossypium barbadense var. darwinii (G. Watt) J.B. Hutch. Fryxell (1992) as Gossypium barbadense
ssp. darwinii (G. Watt) Mauer and Gossypium barbadense f. drawinii (G. Watt) Roberty
Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Fosberg, F. R. et al.
(1987), Fryxell, P.A. et al. (1992), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), McMullen, C.K.
et al. (1999), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
(2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Weeks, A. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
636. Gossypium klotzschianum Andersson

Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Marchena, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Grehan, J. et al. (2001), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999),
Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Van der
Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Weeks, A. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
637. Gouania polygama (Jacq.) Urb.

Syn.: Gouania tomentosa Jacq. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), CONABIO et al. (2009), Funk, V.T. et
al. (2007), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
638. Govenia utriculata (Sw.) Lindl.

Syn.: Limodorum utriculatum Sw.; Wiggins & Porter (1971) as Cymbidium utriculatum (Sw.) Sw.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Dodson, C.H. et al. (1980), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Luer, C.A. et al. (1972), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
639. Grabowskia boerhaaviaefolia (L. f.) Schltdl.

Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Atkinson, R. et al.
(2009), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Itow, S. et al. (1997), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999),
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Svenson,
H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
640. Graptopetalum paraguayense (N.E.Br.) E. Walther

641. Greenovia aurea Webb & Berth.

642. Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br.
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al.
(2008), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1994), Motooka, P. et al. (1987), Stevens, W.D.
643. Guadua angustifolia Kunth

Syn.: Bambusa guadua, fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Royal Botanic
644. Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.

Syn.: Guazuma invira (Willd.) G. Don
References: D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Freytag, G.F. et al. (1951), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hamann, O. et
al. (1979), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987),
645. Gynerium sagittatum (Aublet) P. Beauv.

Syn.: Aira gigantea Steud. and Arundo saccharoides (Humb. & Bonpl.) Poir.
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Renvoize, S.A. et al. (1998), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
646. Habenaria alata Hook.

Syn.: Habenaria platantheroides Schltr.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Dodson, C.H. et al. (1980), Garay, L.A. et al. (1978), Stevens, W.D. et al.
647. Habenaria distans Griseb.

Syn.: Habenaria jamaicensis Fawc. & Rendle
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), CONABIO et al. (2009), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org.
et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Weber, D. et al. (1973).
648. Habenaria monorrhiza (Sw.) Rchb. f.

Syn.: Orchis monorrhiza Sw.
References: Ames, O. et al. (1952), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jäger, H. et al. (2007), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Schweinfurth, C. et al. (1960), Schweinfurth, C. et al. (1958), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971).
649. Hamelia patens Jacq.

Syn.: Duhamelia odorata Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Duhamelia patens (Jacq.) Pers. and Duhamelia
sphaerocarpa (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lorence, D.H. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org.
et al. (2009).
650. Hatiora gaertneri (Regel) Barthlott

Syn.: Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri (Regel) Moran
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Véliz Pérez, M.E et al. (2008), Zuloaga,
F.O. et al. (2008).
651. Haworthia attenuata (Haw.) Haw.

Syn.: Aloe attenuata Haw.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E.
et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
652. Hedera helix L.

Syn.: Aralia capitata Jacq.
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), CONABIO et al. (2009), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
653. Hedychium coronarium J. König
Syn.: Hedychium spicatum Lodd.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009).
654. Helianthus annuus L.

Syn.: Helianthus lenticularis Douglas ex Lindl.
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), CONABIO et al. (2009), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2005), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
655. Heliconia latispatha Benth.

Syn.: Bihai latispatha (Benth.) Griggs
References: Andersson, L. et al. (1985), Andersson, L. et al. (1981), Andersson, L. et al. (1992), CONABIO
et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org.
et al. (2009).
656. Heliconia sp. 1

657. Heliotropium anderssonii Robinson

Syn.: Sarcanthus asperrimus Andersson, Heliotropium asperrimum (Andersson) Andersson fide Royal
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Robinson,
B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al.
658. Heliotropium angiospermum Murray

Syn.: Heliophytum parviflorum DC., Heliotropium parviflorum L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew &
(2009), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Fosberg, F. R. et al.
(1987), Grant, P.R. et al. (1987), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Mauchamp, A. et al. (1995), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011),
Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart,
A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
659. Heliotropium curassavicum L.

Syn.: Heliotropium curassavicum var. violaceum Ram. Goyena, H. lehmannianum Bruns fide Royal Botanic
Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925), Robinson, B.L. et al.
(1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
660. Heliotropium curassavicum var. curassavicum L.

Syn.: Heliotropium chenopodioides Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
References: Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971).
661. Heliotropium indicum L.

Syn.: Heliophytum indicum (L.) DC. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Christophersen,
E. et al. (1932), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal
(1971).
662. Heliotropium rufipilum var. rufipilum (Benth.) I.M. Johnst.

Syn.: Tournefortia rufipila Benth.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org.
et al. (2009).
663. Hemerocallis x hybrids

664. Herissantia crispa (L.) Brizicky

Syn.: Sida crispa L.; Wiggins & Porter (1971) as Bogenhardia crispa (L.) Kearney
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007),
CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Fryxell, P. et al. (1979), Fryxell, P.A. et al. (1992),
Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stevens,
W.D. et al. (2001), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.),
665. Hibiscus diversifolius Jacq.

In Stewart (1911) as Hibuscus diversifolia.
References: Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Itow, S. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998),
Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A.
et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van Leeuwen, J.F. et al. (2008), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
666. Hibiscus mutabilis L.

Syn.: Abelmoschus mutabilis (L.) Wall. ex Hassk.
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Fryxell, P. et al. (1979), Fryxell, P.A. et al. (1992), Guézou, A. et al.
667. Hibiscus radiatus Cav.

Syn.: Hibiscus unidens Lindl.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Fryxell, P.A. et al. (1992), Guézou, A. et al.
668. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.

References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), CONABIO et al. (2009), Fryxell, P. et al. (1979), Fryxell, P.A. et al.
(1992), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
669. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var. schizopetalus Dyer

Syn.: Hibiscus schizopetalus (Dyer ex Mast.) Hook. f.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Fryxell, P. et al. (1979), Fryxell, P.A. et al. (1992), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
670. Hibiscus tiliaceus L.

References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Flores,
E. et al. (1985), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L.
et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al.
671. Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) Kuntze

Syn.: Amaryllis punicea Lam.
672. Hippeastrum reticulatum Herb.

Syn.: Amaryllis reticulata L'Hér.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Zuloaga, F.O. et al. (2008).
673. Hippeastrum x Dutch hybrids

674. Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G. Don

Syn.: Isotoma longiflora (L.) C. Presl
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jeppesen, S. et al.
675. Hippomane mancinella L.

Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Alcivar, W. et al. (1983), Anderson, E.F. et al. (1967.), Andersson, N.J.
et al. (1858), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009),
Blake, S. et al. (2011), Burger, W. et al. (1995), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Escobar, J. et al. (1985), Jaramillo,
P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.),
McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011),
Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1971), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Schönitzer, K. et al.
(1975), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
676. Homolepis glutinosa (Sw.) Zuloaga & Soderstr.

Syn.: Panicum glutinosum fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
677. Hoya carnosa (L. f.) R. Br.

Syn.: Asclepias carnosa L. f.
678. Huernia aspera N.E. Br.

Unresolved nomenclature as of 16-Jun 2011, fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010).
679. Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) DC.

Syn.: Hydrangea opuloides (Lam.) K. Koch
680. Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.

681. Hydrocotyle galapagensis Robinson

References: Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), Porter, D.M. et
682. Hydrocotyle umbellata L.

Syn.: Hydrocotyle caffra Meisn.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1977),
683. Hylocereus polyrhizus (F.A.C. Weber) Britton & Rose

Syn.: Cereus polyrhizus F.A.C. Weber
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Madsen, J.E. et al. (1989), Tropicos.org.
et al. (2009).
684. Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb.

Syn.: Hymenocallis pedalis Herb., H. senegambica Kunth & C.D. Bouché fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
685. Hypericum pratense Cham. & Schltdl.

Syn: Hypericum uliginosum var. pratense fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010)
References: Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
686. Hypericum thesiifolium Kunth

Syn.: Hypericum uliginosum Kunth
References: Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Hammel, B.E. et al. (2007), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Jäger, H. et al.
(2007), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Robson, N.K.B. et al. (1990), Stewart, A.
687. Hypoestes phyllostachya Baker

References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Zuloaga, F.O. et al. (2008).
688. Hypoxis decumbens L.

Syn.: Hypoxis decumbens var. major Seub. In Wiggins & Porter (1971) as Anthericum sessile Mill.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), CONABIO et al. (2009), Hokche, O. et al.
(2008), Itow, S. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al.
(1902), Standley, P.C. et al. (1946), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Van der Werff,
689. Hyptis atrorubens Poit.

Syn.: Mesosphaerum atrorubens (Poit.) Kuntze fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010)
References: Harley, R.M. et al. (2012), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
690. Hyptis capitata Jacq.
Possible misidentification of Hyptis rhomboidea. Wiggins & Porter (1971) report: "This species is closely
related to H. capitata Jacq., but has somewhat narrower and smaller bracts below the heads of the flowers, and
broader and shorter calyx teeth" H. capitata is not cited by Wiggins & Porter, though H. capitata var. pilosa
and H. capitata var. mexicana are cited as synonyms of H. rhomboidea.
Origin: No Data.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Harley, R.M. et al. (2012),
691. Hyptis gymnocaulos Epling

References: Epling, C.C. et al. (1936), Harley, R.M. et al. (2012), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Van der
692. Hyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq.

Syn.: Hyptis spicata Poit. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Brako, L. et al. (1993), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Funk, V.T. et al.
(2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Harley, R.M. et al. (2012), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Pool, A. et al. (2007), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Stewart, A. et al. (1911).
693. Hyptis pectinata (L.) Doit.

Syn.: Nepeta pectinata L.
References: D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Gibbs, G.E. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Harley, R.M. et
al. (2012), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Pool, A. et al. (2007), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009).
694. Hyptis rhomboidea Martens & Galeotti

Syn.: Pycnanthemum decurrens Blanco. Likely in Hooker (1847), Andersson (1855) Robinson (1902),
Stewart (1911), and Svenson (1935) as Hyptis capitata.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Harley, R.M. et al. (2012), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et
al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et
695. Hyptis sidifolia (L'Hér.) Briq.

Syn.: Hyptis sidaefolia.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Harley, R.M. et al. (2012), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et
al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
696. Hyptis sp. 1

References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Harley, R.M. et al. (2012).
697. Hyptis spicigera Lam.

Syn.: Hyptis subverticillata Andersson, fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010)
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Brako, L. et al. (1993), D'Arcy,
W.G. et al. (1987), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Harley, R.M. et al. (2012),
Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Pool, A. et al. (2007), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902),
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
698. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.

Syn.: Hyptis plumieri Poit.
References: Harley, R.M. et al. (2012), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
699. Ichnanthus nemorosus (Sw.) Döll

References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Espejo Serna, A. et al. (2000), Funk, V.T.
et al. (2007), Gould, F.W. et al. (1979), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1936), Itow, S. et al.
(1987), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Morrone, O. et al. (1995), Pohl, R.W. et al. (1980), Porter, D.M. et al.
(1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971), Zuloaga, F.O. et al. (2003).
700. Impatiens balsamina L.

Syn.: Balsamina hortensis Desp.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
701. Impatiens walleriana Hook. f.

Syn.: Impatiens sultanii Hook. f.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
702. Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.

Syn.: Indigofera anil L.
References: Atahuachi, M. et al. (1996), Brako, L. et al. (1993), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Dwyer, J. D. et
al. (1981), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Garcia-Barriga, H. et al. (1968), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999),
703. Inga edulis Mart.

Syn.: Inga ynga (Vell.) J.W. Moore
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), León, J. et al. (1966), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Pennington, T.D. et al.
(1997), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Prado Erazo, G.E. et al. (1986), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Stewart, A. et
704. Inga insignis Knuth

References: Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1994), Pennington, T.D. et al. (1997),
Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
705. Inga sapindoides Willd.
References: Pennington, T.D. et al. (1997), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
706. Inga spectabilis (Vahl) Willd.

Syn.: Inga schimpffii Harms
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Pennington, T.D. et al. (1997), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Prado Erazo, G.E.
707. Inga striata Benth.

Syn.: Inga ochroclada Harms
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Macbride, J.F. et al. (1943), Macbride, J.F. et
al. (1943), Pennington, T.D. et al. (1997), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
708. Inga vera Willd.

Syn.: Inga affinis DC.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Pennington, T.D. et al. (1997),
709. Iochroma ellipticum (Hook. f.) Hunz.

Syn.: Acnistus ellipticus fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Heleno, R. et
al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Restrepo, A. et
Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
710. Ionopsis utricularioides (Sw.) Lindl.

Syn.: Epidendrum utricularioides Sw. In Itow (1997) as Ionopsis urticularioides.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Ames, O. et al. (1952), Atwood, J.T. et al. (1999), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), CONABIO et al.
(2009), Dodson, C.H. et al. (1980), Hágsater, E. et al. (1990), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Luer, C.A. et al. (1972), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Schweinfurth, C. et al. (1960), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Van der Werff, H.H. et
al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
711. Ipomoea alba L.

Syn.: Ipomoea bona-nox L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Darwin, Española, Fernandina, Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Austin, D.F. et al. (1982), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al.
712. Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.

Syn.: Batatas edulis (Thunb.) Choisy
References: Austin, D.F. et al. (1982), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Flores, E. et al.
(1985), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hamann, O. et al. (1974), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
713. Ipomoea carnea ssp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) D.F. Austin

Syn.: Ipomoea fistulosa Mart. ex Choisy
References: Austin, D.F. et al. (1982), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et
714. Ipomoea galapagensis Andesson

Acc. name: Ipomoea triloba L. fide Wiggins & Porter (1971), Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O'Donell fide
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). Wiggins & Porter (1971) describes the
taxonomy of Ipomoea as "in a state of confusion; study of the complex over a wide area is needed to clarify
the taxonomy".
Origin: No Data.
Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
715. Ipomoea habeliana Oliv.

Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, Pinzón, Santa Cruz,
Santiago.
References: Adsersen, A. et al. (1987), Adsersen, A. et al. (1987), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Austin, D.F. et
al. (1982), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Grant, P.R. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), McMullen, C.K. et al. (2010), McMullen,
C.K. et al. (2011), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
(2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
716. Ipomoea imperati (Vahl) Griseb.

Syn.: Ipomoea stolonifera
References: Austin, D.F. et al. (1982), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Tropicos.org.
et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1977).
717. Ipomoea incarnata (Vahl) Choisy

Syn.: Ipomoea kinbergii Andersson, I. linearifolia Hook. f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Wolf.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Austin, D.F. et al. (1982), Hooker, J.D. et
al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Mauchamp, A. et al. (1995), McMullen, C.K.
et al. (1971).
718. Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth

Syn.: Convolvulus nil L.
References: Austin, D.F. et al. (1982), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Macbride, J.F. et al. (1959), Porter, D.M.
et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der
719. Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br.
Syn.: Ipomoea biloba Forssk., I. maritima R. Br. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Genovesa, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
Atkinson, I. A. E. et al. (1987), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Austin, D.F. et al. (1982), Finston, T.L. et al.
(1997), Grant, P.R. et al. (1985), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al.
720. Ipomoea quamoclit L.

Syn.: Quamoclit vulgaris Choisy
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Austin, D.F. et al. (1982), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al.
(1991), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Macbride, J.F. et al.
(1959), O'Donell, C.A. et al. (1959), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
721. Ipomoea tricolor Cav.

Syn.: Ipomoea rubrocaerulea Hook.
References: Austin, D.F. et al. (1982), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), McDonald, A. et al. (1994), O'Donell, C.A.
722. Ipomoea triloba L.

Syn.: Ipomoea galapagensis Andersson
Santiago, Wolf.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Austin, D.F. et al. (1982), Blake, S. et al.
(2011), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Jäger, H. et al.
(2007), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Schofield, E.K. et
al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et
al. (1971).
723. Ipomoea tubiflora Hook. f.

References: Adsersen, A. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Austin, D.F. et
al. (1982), Davis, S. et al. (1987), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al.
(1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al.
(2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
724. Ipomoea wrightii Gray

Syn.: Ipomoea pulchella Roth fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1977).
725. Iresine herbstii Hook.

Syn.: Achyranthes verschaffeltii Lem.
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1990), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
726. Iresine lindenii Van Houtte

727. Ixora casei Hance

References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lorence, D.H. et al. (1999), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org.
et al. (2009).
728. Ixora coccinea L.

Syn.: Ixora coccinea var. intermedia (Elmer) Fosberg & Sachet
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lorence, D.H. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
729. Ixora finlaysoniana Wall. ex G. Don

References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Linares, J.L. et
al. (2005), Lorence, D.H. et al. (1999), Standley, P.C. et al. (1937), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org.
et al. (2009).
730. Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don

Syn.: Jacaranda chelonia Griseb.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Gentry, A.H. et al. (1982), Gentry, A.H. et al. (1992), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
731. Jaegeria gracilis Hook. f.

Syn.: Jaegeria crassa Torres, J. prorepens Hook. f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010)
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009),
Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jäger, H. et al. (2007), León-Yánez, S.
et al. (2011), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902),
732. Jaegeria hirta (Lag.) Less.

Possible misidentification of Hyptis rhomboidea by Stewart (1911) and Svenson (1935). Wiggins & Porter
report: "[H. rhomboidea] is closely allied to the widespread mainland speceis J. hirta (Lag.) Less, but the
latter has relatively shorter receptacular bracts, which are not dark-tipped, and has the ray achenes more
definitely enfolded by the involucral bracts".
Origin: No Data.
Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935).
733. Jaltomata werffii D'Arcy

Syn.: Jaltomata werfii D'Arcy
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), D'Arcy, W.C. et al. (1981), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1981), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (s.a.), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Vagvolgyi, J. et al. (1974), Valencia, R. et al. (2000).
734. Jasminocereus thouarsii var. delicatus (E.Y. Dawson) E.F. Anderson & Walk.
Syn.: Cereus thouarsii F.A.C. Weber
References: Anderson, E.F. et al. (1970), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
735. Jasminocereus thouarsii var. sclerocarpus (Schum.) Anderson & Walk.

Syn.: Jasminocereus sclerocarpus (K. Schum.) Backeb. fide Wiggins & Porter (1971)
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Anderson, E.F. et al. (1967.), Anderson, E.F. et al. (1970), Jaramillo, P.
et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
736. Jasminocereus thouarsii var. thouarsii (F.A.C. Weber) Backeb.

Syn.: Cereus galapagensis Weber fide Wiggins & Porter (1971)
References: Anderson, E.F. et al. (1967.), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2010), Robinson,
(2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
737. Jasminum azoricum L.

Syn.: Jasminum fluminense Vell.
738. Jasminum grandiflorum L.

Syn.: Jasminum officinale f. grandiflorum (L.) Kobuski
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al.
739. Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton
Syn.: Nyctanthes sambac L.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Davidse, G. et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010),
Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
740. Jatropha curcas L.

Syn.: Castiglionia lobata Ruiz & Pav.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010),
Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Macbride, J.F. et al. (1951), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983),
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1973), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971).
741. Jatropha gossypiifolia L.

Syn.: Adenoropium elegans Pohl
742. Jatropha podagrica Hook.

References: Burger, W. et al. (1995), CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Standley, P.C. et al.
743. Juglans neotropica Diels

Syn.: Juglans equatoriensis Linden
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Cifuentes, M. et al. (19887), Estupiñan, I. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Prado Erazo, G.E. et
al. (1986), Prado, L. et al. (1995), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
744. Jungia paniculata (DC.) A.Gray

Syn.: Jungia hirsuta Cuatrec. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1968), Harling, G. et al. (1991), Harling, G. et al. (1962), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
745. Jussiaea repens L.

Wiggins & Porter (1971) only mention four variations of this species: J. repens var. californica, J. repens var.
minor, J. repens var. peploides, and J. repens var. ramulosa. All of these variations are synonyms of Ludwigia
peploides (Kunth) Raven; however, J. repens is a synonym of Ludwigia adscendens (L.) H. Hara. fide Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). In Christopherse (1932) as Jussieua repens.
Origin: No Data.
References: Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al.
(1911), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
746. Justicia brandegeana Wassh. & L.B. Sm.

Syn.: B. guttata is a synonym "Beloperone guttata" of Clavijo et al. (1991), and probably of Flores (1985) and
Chavez (1993); was probably misidentified Pachystachys lutea, rather than Justicia brandegeana.
747. Justicia carnea Lindl.

Syn.: Cyrtanthera magnifica Nees
748. Justicia galapagana Lindau

References: Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Itow, S. et
al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jäger, H. et al. (2007), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), León-Yánez, S.
et al. (2011), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1971), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et
al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Van der Werff,
749. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln.

Syn.: Kalanchoe globulifera var. coccinea H. Perrier
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org.
et al. (2009), von Poellnitz, K. et al. (1934).
750. Kalanchoe eriophylla Hills. & Bojer ex Tul.

Syn.: Cotyledon pannosa Baker
751. Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi Ham. Pers.

Syn.: Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi var. isalensis Boiteau & Mannoni
752. Kalanchoe tubiflora (Harv.) Raym.-Hamet

Syn.: Bryophyllum tubiflorum
753. Kallstroemia adscendens (Andersson) Robinson

Syn.: Tribulus adscendens Andersson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
Galapagos Distribution: Darwin, Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal,
Santa Cruz, Santa Fé.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M.
(1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L.
et al. (1971).
754. Klaprothia fasciculata (C. Presl) Poston

Syn.: Sclerothrix fasciculata fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
755. Koanophyllon solidaginoides (Kunth) R.M. King & H. Rob.

Syn.: Eupatorium filicaule, E. solidaginoides fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010)
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Robinson, B.L. et al.
(1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
756. Kohleria amabilis (Planch. & Lindl.) Fritsch

Syn.: Tydaea ceciliae André
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Kvist, L.P. et al. (1992), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
757. Kohleria bogotensis (G. Nicholson) Fritsch

Syn.: Kohleria amabilis var. bogotensis (G. Nicholson) L.P. Kvist & L.E. Skog
758. Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb.

Syn.: Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010).
References: Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Blake, S. et al. (2011), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Guerrero, A. et al.
(2009), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jäger, H. et al. (2007), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
759. Kyllinga pumila Michx.

Syn.: Cyperus densicaespitosus.
References: Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff,
H.H. et al. (1977).
760. Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet

Syn.: Dolichos lablab fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
761. Lactuca sativa L.

Syn.: Lactuca scariola var. sativa Moris
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Heleno, R. et al.
(2011), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1990), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Reck, G. et al.
(1986), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wolf, T. et al. (1879).
762. Lagerstroemia indica L.

Syn.: Lagerstroemia indica var. alba Ram. Goyena; Hokche et al. (2008) as Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Stevens, W.D. et al.
763. Laguncularia racemosa (L.) C.F. Gaertn.

Syn.: Conocarpus racemosus L.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Andersen, S.W. et al. (1986), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Jaramillo, P. et
al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1971), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Schönitzer, K.
et al. (1975), Sequeira, A.S. et al. (2000), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
764. Lampranthus aureus (L.) N.E. Br.

765. Lansium domesticum Jack

766. Lantana camara L.
Syn.: Lantana armata Schauer
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Atkinson, I. A. E. et al. (1987), Carvajal, Y. et al. (1985), Castro, S.
A. et al. (2010), Causton, C.E. et al. (2008), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Davis, S. et al. (1987), Funk, V.T. et al.
(2007), Gardener, M. et al. (2010), Gardener, M. R. et al. (1999), Gordillo, J. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Hamann, O. et al. (1984), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), MacDonald, I. A. W. et al. (1987),
McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Tapia, W. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Tye, A. et al. (2002).
767. Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq.

Syn.: Lippia montevidensis Spreng.
References: Foster, R.C. et al. (1958), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Troncoso, N.S.
et al. (1979), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Zuloaga, F.O. et al. (2008).
768. Lantana peduncularis Andersson

Syn.: Lantana peduncularis var. macrophylla Moldenke, L. peduncularis var. peduncularis Andersson fide
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). In Hooker (1847) as Lantana canescens
and L. recta fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Atkinson, I. A. E. et al. (1987), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Causton, C.E.
et al. (2008), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Grant, P.R. et al. (1987), Guerrero, A.
et al. (2009), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Moldenke, H.N. et al. (1967), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Stewart, A. et al.
(1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
769. Laportea aestuans (L.) Chew

Syn.: Fleurya aestuans var. tuberculata (Andersson) Wedd., Urtica latifolia Rich., U. tuberculata Andersson
Santa Fé, Santiago, Wolf.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987),
Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Mauchamp, A. et al. (1995), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1985), Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
770. Lawsonia inermis L.

Syn.: Lawsonia alba Lam.
References: Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Linares, J.L. et al.
(2005), Lourteig, A. et al. (1989), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
771. Lecocarpus darwinii Adsersen

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (1980), Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Arsiniegas, M.
et al. (1996), Atkinson, R. et al. (2008), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Gordillo, J. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), León-Yánez,
S. et al. (2011), Mauchamp, A. et al. (1998), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000).
772. Lecocarpus lecocarpoides (Rob. & Greenm.) Cronquist & Stuessy

Syn.: Acanthospermum lecocarpoides (Rob. & Greenm.) fide Royal
Galapagos Distribution: Española, San Cristóbal.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (1980), Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Atkinson, R. et
al. (2008), Blake, S.F. et al. (1921), Cronquist, A. et al. (1970), Eliasson, U. et al. (1971), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(2000), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), Mauchamp,
A. et al. (1998), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et
al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
773. Lecocarpus leptolobus (Blake) Cronquist & Stuessy

Syn.: Acanthospermum leptolobum S.F. Blake
References: Atkinson, R. et al. (2008), Cronquist, A. et al. (1970), Eliasson, U. et al. (1971), Tropicos.org. et
774. Lecocarpus pinnatifidus Decne

Syn.: Lecocarpus foliosus Decaisne fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (1980), Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andersson, N.J.
et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Atkinson, R. et al. (2008), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932),
Eliasson, U. et al. (1970), Eliasson, U. et al. (1971), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), León-Yánez, S. et al.
(2011), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), McMullen, C.K. et al. (2010), Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925), Robinson,
B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Schönitzer, K. et
(1971).
775. Ledebouria socialis (Bak.) Jessop

Syn.: Scilla socialis Baker
776. Leersia hexandra Sw.

Syn.: Leersia dubia F. Aresch.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1951), Hitchcock,
A.S. et al. (1936), Judziewicz, E. J. et al. (1990), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Laegaard, S. et al. (2004),
Smith, L.B. et al. (1982), Terrell, E.E. et al. (2000), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
777. Lemna aequinoctialis Welw.

In Robinson (1902) as Lemna sp., Stewart (1911) as Lemna minor L., Svenson (1935) as Lemna minima
Phil., fide Wiggins & Porter (1971). (L. minima Phil. is misprinted as L. minor Phil. in Wiggins & Porter.)
References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
al. (1971).
778. Lens culinaris L.

Syn.: Lens esculenta Moench
References: Allkin, R. et al. (1986), Chen, J. et al. (2007), CONABIO et al. (2009), Garcia-Barriga, H. et al.
(1968).
779. Lepidium didymum L.

Syn: Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm., Senebiera pinnatifida DC. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
References: Al-Shehbaz, I.A. et al. (2002), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847),
780. Lepidium sativum L.

Syn.: Crucifera nasturtium E.H.L. Krause
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Holmgren, N.H. et al. (2005), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
781. Lepidium virginicum L.

Syn.: Iberis virginica (L.) Fisch. & C.A. Mey.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Holmgren, N.H. et al. (2005), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Porter, D.M. et
al. (1983), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L.
et al. (1971).
782. Leptochloa mucronata (Michx.) Kunth

Syn.: Leptochloa filiformis, fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
783. Leptochloa virgata (L.) P. Beauv.

Syn.: Cynosurus domingensis Jacq. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), CONABIO et al. (2009),
Espejo Serna, A. et al. (2000), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Judziewicz, E. J. et al. (1990), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Pohl, R.W. et al. (1980), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tovar, Ó. et al. (1993),
Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971), Zuloaga, F.O. et al. (2008).
784. Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit

References: Atkinson, R. et al. (2010), Mueller-Dombois, D. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
785. Leucaena leucocephala ssp. glabrata (Rose) Zárate

Syn.: Leucaena glabrata Rose
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Linares, J.L. et al. (2005), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
786. Leucaena trichodes (Jacq.) Benth.

Syn.: Mimosa trichodes Jacq.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Macbride, J.F. et
al. (1943), Macbride, J.F. et al. (1943), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
787. Lilium candidum L.

788. Lindernia anagallidea (Michx.) Pennell

Syn.: Gratiola anagallidea Michx.
References: Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Standley, P.C. et al. (1973), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der
789. Lindernia sp. 1

790. Linum cratericola Eliasson

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Atkinson, R. et al. (2008), Eliasson, U. et al. (1968), Jaramillo, P. et
al. (2000), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987),
Mauchamp, A. et al. (1998), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000),
791. Linum harlingii Eliasson

In Robinson (1902) and Stewart (1911) as Linum oligophyllum, fide Wiggins & Porter (1971)
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Eliasson, U. et al. (1968), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E.
et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org.
et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
792. Linum usitatissimum L.

Syn.: Linum humile Mill.
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2005), Rogers, C.M. et al.
793. Liparis nervosa (Thunb.) Lindl.

Syn.: Epidendrum nervosum (Thunb.) Thunb.; Wiggins & Porter (1971) as Empusa paradoxa Lindl., Dituilis
nepalensis Raf., Cymbidium nervosum Sw. and Cymbidium bituberculatum Hook.
References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jäger, H. et al. (2007), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
794. Lipocarpha micrantha (Vahl) G.C. Tucker

Syn.: Hemicarpha micrantha, H. subsquarrosa Nees in Mart. Based on only a single Baur record (according to
Wiggins & Porter). Probably a misidentification. Koyama, in Wiggins & Porter (1971) accepted it, probably
based on the literature record but without seeing it himself as he did not cite "specimens studied".
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic
795. Lippia rosmarinifolia var. latifolia Moldenke

In Itow (1997) as Lipia rosmarinifolia var. latifolia.
Galapagos Distribution: Pinta, Santiago.
References: Itow, S. et al. (1997), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
796. Lippia rosmarinifolia var. rosmarinifolia Andersson

Syn.: Lippia rosmarinifolia var. stewartii Moldenke
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, Santiago.
References: Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1977), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
797. Lippia rosmarinifolia var. stewartii Moldenke

Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta.
References: Itow, S. et al. (1997), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
798. Lippia salicifolia Andersson

Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana.
References: Adsersen, A. et al. (1987), Adsersen, A. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andersson, N.J.
et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Atkinson, R. et al. (2008), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P.
et al. (2000), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987),
Mauchamp, A. et al. (1998), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
799. Lithophila radicata (Hook. f.) Standl.

According to Wiggins & Porter (1971), Alternanthera radicata is a synonym of Lithophila radicata (Hook. f.)
Standl.; according to Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010), L. radicata is a
synonym of A. radicata. In Itow (1997) as Lithophila radiata.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Pinzón, San Cristóbal.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Eliasson, U. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U. et al. (1985), Hooker, J.D. et
al. (1847), Howell, J.T. et al. (1933), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
Tye, A. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
800. Lithophila subscaposa (Hook. f.) Standl.

Syn.: Alternanthera subscaposa Hook. f.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Pinzón, Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Eliasson, U. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U.
et al. (1985), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Howell, J.T. et al. (1933), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), León-Yánez,
S. et al. (2011), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
801. Lobelia cliffortiana L.

Cited by Stewart (1911) as the accepted name for L. xalapensis Kunth, with the original publication details as
Sp. Pl. 931 (1753), which under the ICBN would take precidence over L. xalapensis Kunth, published in Nov.
Gen. Sp. 3: 315 1819. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010), however, only
mentions L. cliffortiana Roem. & Schult. (non L.) with original publication in Syst. Veg. 53 1819. Wiggins &
Porter (1971) do not mention L. cliffortiana L. or L. cliffortiana Roem & Schult.
Origin: No Data.
802. Lobelia xalapensis Kunth

Syn.: Dortmannia monticola (Kunth) Kuntze, Lobelia cliffortiana var. xalapensis (Kunth) A.Gray fide Royal
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Brako, L. et al. (1993),
CONABIO et al. (2009), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Jeppesen, S. et al. (1981),
McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.),
803. Lolium perenne L.

Syn.: Cynosurus virgatus L.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Davidse, G. et al. (1994), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Helsen, P. et al.
(2008), Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1951), Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1927), Judziewicz, E. J. et al. (1990), Jørgensen,
P.M. et al. (1999), Pohl, R.W. et al. (1980), Reed, J. et al. (1995), Swallen, J.R. et al. (1955), Tropicos.org. et
804. Lonicera x americana C. Koch

Syn.: Lonicera biflora
References: Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
805. Lorentea linearis Andersson

(2010). Wiggins & Porter (1971) lists this taxa as a questionable synonym of Pectis subsquarrosa.
Origin: No Data.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
806. Ludwigia erecta (L.) H. Hara

Syn.: Jussiaea erecta L.; Wiggins & Porter (1971) as Isnardia discolor Klotzsch and Jussiaea acuminata Sw.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé.
References: Adsersen, A. et al. (1987), Adsersen, A. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Brako, L. et al.
(1993), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Davidse, G. et al. (2009), González, J. et al.
(2007), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
807. Ludwigia leptocarpa (Nutt.) H. Hara

Syn.: Jussiaea leptocarpa Nutt. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). In
Svenson (1935) as Jussieua leptocarpa.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al.
(1987), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Gerecke, R. et al. (1995), González, J. et al. (2007), Itow, S. et al. (1987),
Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Munz, P.A. et al. (1974), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et
al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1971), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935),
808. Ludwigia peploides ssp. peploides (Kunth) Raven

In Brako & Zarucchi (1993) as Jussiaea patibilcensis Kunth
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew et al. (2010), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
809. Luffa cylindrica (L.) M. Roem.

Syn.: Luffa acutangula.
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Fryxell, P. et al. (1979), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lundh, J.P. et al.
810. Luffa sepium (G. Mey.) C. Jeffrey

Syn.: Luffa astorii.
References: Fryxell, P. et al. (1979), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
811. Lycium minimum C.L. Hitchc.

Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al.
(1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975),
Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
812. Lycopersicon peruvianum Mill.

Acc. name: Solanum peruvianum L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010),
Lycopersicon cheesmanii Riley (=Solanum cheesmaniae (Riley) Fosberg) fide Wiggins & Porter (1971)
Origin: No Data.
813. Macraea laricifolia Hook. f.

Syn.: Lipochaeta laricifolia (Hook. f.) Gray, Trigonopterum ponteni Andersson fide Royal Botanic Gardens,
Atkinson, I. A. E. et al. (1987), Eliasson, U. et al. (1984), Eliasson, U. et al. (1972), Fosberg, F. R. et al.
(1987), Harling, G. et al. (1962), Hendrix, L.B. et al. (1986), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), León-Yánez, S. et al.
814. Macrolobium sp. 1

815. Macroptilium atropurpureum (Moc. & Sessé ex DC.) Urb.

Syn.: Phaseolus atropurpureus fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al.
816. Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb.

Syn.: Phaseolus lathyroides L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
817. Malachra alceifolia Jacq.

Darwin's specimen was this sp., not M. capitata as reported by Hooker (1847) and Andersson (1855).
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Guézou,
A. et al. (2010), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1980), Porter,
D.M. et al. (1983), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
818. Malachra capitata (L.) L.

Syn.: Sida capitata L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). Darwin's
specimen collected on Santiago was actually M. alceifolia. First verified record of M. capitata was Jaeger &
Tye 652 (2002).
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Guézou, A. et al. (2010),
Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al. (1980),
819. Malpighia coccigera L.

Syn.: Malpighia coccifera Reichard
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Meyer, F.K. et al. (2000), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
820. Malpighia emarginata Sessé & Moc. ex DC.

Syn.: Malpighia retusa Benth.
References: D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Meyer, F.K.
821. Malus domestica Borkh.

Syn.: Pyrus malus L., Pyrus malus var. mitis Wallr.
822. Malus pumila (L.) Mill.

Syn.: Pyrus pumila (Mill.) Steud.
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Linares, J.L. et al. (2005), Reck, G. et al. (1986).
823. Malva parviflora L.

References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Fryxell, P. et al. (1979), Fryxell, P.A. et al. (1992), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
824. Malvastrum americanum (L.) Torr.
References: D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Fryxell, P. et al. (1979), Fryxell, P.A. et al. (1992), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
825. Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke

In Andersson (1855) as Sida acuta Burm.f..
References: Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), CONABIO et al. (2009), Fryxell, P. et
al. (1979), Fryxell, P.A. et al. (1992), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E.
et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L.
et al. (1971).
826. Malvastrum tomentosum ssp. tomentosum (L.) S.R. Hill

Syn.: Malvastrum scoparium, M. dimorphum
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Howell, J.T. et al. (1935), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et
827. Malvaviscus arboreus Cav.

Syn.: Hibiscus malvaviscus L.
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), CONABIO et al. (2009), Fryxell, P. et al. (1979), Fryxell, P.A. et al.
(1992), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
828. Mammea americana L.

References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009).
829. Mammea cf. emarginata DC.

830. Mammillaria backebergiana F.G. Buchenau
831. Mammillaria candida Scheidw.

832. Mammillaria columbiana Salm-Dyck

References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
833. Mammillaria elongata DC.

References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Véliz Pérez, M.E et al. (2008).
834. Mammillaria prolifera ssp. 1 (Mill.) Haw.

Syn.: Cactus glomeratus Lam. (for M. prolifera).
835. Mammillaria prolifera ssp. texana (Engelm.) Borg.

Syn.: Mammillaria prolifera ssp. multiceps (Salm-Dyck) U. Guzmán
836. Mammillaria sp. 1

837. Mandevilla sanderi (Hemsl.) Woodson
Syn.: Dipladenia sanderi Hemsl.
838. Mangifera indica L.

Syn.: Mangifera austroyunnanensis Hu
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1999), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
839. Manihot esculenta Crantz

Syn.: Manihot utilissima Pohl; Jatropha manihot L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010). First Record was Fitzroy "yuca". Reported on Floreana by Wolf (1879).
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart,
A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971), Wolf, T. et al. (1879).
840. Mansoa standleyi (Steyrm.) A.H. Gentry

Syn.: Pachyptera standleyi (Steyerm.) A.H. Gentry
References: Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009).
841. Maranta arundinacea L.

Syn.: Maranta arundinacea f. sylvestris Matuda
842. Matisia cordata Bonpl.

Syn.: Quararibea cordata (Bonpl.) Vischer
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Hamann, O. et al. (1974), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E.
843. Matricaria chamomilla L.

Syn.: Matricaria recutita L.
References: Luteyn, J.L. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
844. Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br.

Syn.: Cheiranthus incanus L.
845. Maxillaria sp.

F. Bungartz: only three specimens in CDS herbarium, all lacking flowers, all material intercepted by the
Ecuadorian quarantine service SICGAL, no records of this genus being introduced into the wild.
Origin: Introduced, Intercepted.
846. Maytenus octogona (L'Hér.) DC.

Syn.: Maytenus obovata Hook. f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
Fé, Santiago.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Cayot, L. J. et al.
(1987), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al.
Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al.
847. Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small

Syn.: Mecardonia dianthera (Sw.) Pennell fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010). D'Arcy (1987) as Mecardonia tenuis Small
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jäger, H. et al. (2007), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
848. Medicago sativa L.

Syn.: Medicago afghanica Vassilcz.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
849. Megaskepasma erythrochlamys Lindau

850. Melia azedarach L.

Syn.: Melia azedarach subvar. intermedia Makino
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), MacDonald, I. A. W. et al. (1987), McMullen,
C.K. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
851. Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq.

Syn.: Melicoccus bijuga L.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Linares, J.L. et al. (2005), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
852. Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv.

Syn.: Agrostis glutinosa Fisch. ex Nees
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1999), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Laegaard, S. et al. (2004), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al.
(1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1977), Zizka, G. et al. (1988), Zuloaga, F.O. et
al. (2003).
853. Melissa officinalis L.
Syn.: Melissa bicornis Klokov
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Harley, R.M. et al.
854. Mentha spicata L.

References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Harley, R.M. et al. (2012), Lundh, J.P. et al.
(1995), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
855. Mentha suaveolens Ehrh.

References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Harley, R.M. et al. (2012), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
856. Mentha x piperita L.

Syn.: Mentha citrata Ehrh.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Harley, R.M. et al. (2012), Hickman, C.P. Jr. et al. (1998), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Reck, G. et al. (1986), Tropicos.org. et
857. Mentzelia aspera L.

Syn.: Acrolasia squalida Hook. f., Mentzelia aspera var. canescens Andersson, M. aspera var. lobata
Andersson, M. aspera var. virescens Andersson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz,
N.J. et al. (1857), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), CONABIO et al. (2009),
D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998),
Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935),
Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Weigend, M. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
858. Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urb.
Syn.: Batatas pentaphylla (L.) Choisy, Ipomoea pentaphylla Jacq. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew &
Galapagos Distribution: Darwin, Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, Pinzón, San
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Austin, D.F. et al. (1982), Brako, L. et al.
(1993), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Grant, P.R. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), McDonald, A. et al. (1994), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
859. Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f.

Syn.: Convolvulus umbellatus L.
References: Austin, D.F. et al. (1982), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), McDonald, A. et al. (1994), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M.
et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1977).
860. Miconia robinsoniana Cogn.

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Atkinson, I. A.
E. et al. (1987), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Blair, C. et al. (1985), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Estupiñan,
I. et al. (1985), Gerecke, R. et al. (1995), Gradstein, S.R. et al. (1994), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Heleno, R.
et al. (2011), Itow, S. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jäger, H. et al. (2007), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Klimaszewski, J. et al. (1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Liu, H. et al. (2012), McMullen, C.K. et al.
(1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Robinson, B.L. et
al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1971), Schofield, E.K. et al.
(2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
861. Microchilus weberianus (Garay) Ormerod

Syn.: Erythrodes weberiana Garay fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Dodson, C.H. et al. (1980), Garay, L.A. et al. (1978), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.).
862. Mimosa pudica L.

Syn.: Mimosa unijuga Duchass. & Walp.
References: Howard, R.A. et al. (1988), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
863. Mirabilis jalapa L.

Syn.: Mirabilis dichotoma L.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Standley, P.C. et al. (1937), Stewart, A. et al.
864. Mollugo cerviana (L.) Ser.

Syn.: Pharnaceum cervianum L.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Eliasson, U. et al. (1966), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
865. Mollugo crockeri Howell

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
866. Mollugo flavescens ssp. flavescens Andersson

References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
867. Mollugo flavescens ssp. gracillima (Andersson) Eliasson

Syn.: Mollugo flavescens ssp. angustifolia Howell
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Eliasson, U. et al. (1970), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Mauchamp, A. et al.
868. Mollugo flavescens ssp. insularis (Howell) Eliasson

Syn.: Mollugo insularis Howell
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1970), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
869. Mollugo flavescens ssp. striata (Howell) Eliasson

Syn.: Mollugo striata Howell
Galapagos Distribution: Genovesa, Wolf.
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1970), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
870. Mollugo floriana ssp. floriana (B.L. Rob.) Howell

References: Itow, S. et al. (1997), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
871. Mollugo floriana ssp. gypsophiloides Howell

References: Howell, J.T. et al. (1933), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al.
872. Mollugo floriana ssp. santacruziana (Christoph.) Eliasson

Syn.: Mollugo snodgrassii var. santacruziana Christoph. fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
Galapagos Distribution: Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Eliasson, U. et al. (1970), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et
al. (1971).
873. Mollugo snodgrassii Robinson

Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Eliasson, U. et al. (1966), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L.
874. Momordica charantia L.

Syn.: Momordica indica L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al.
875. Monstera adansonii var. laniata (Schott) Madison

Syn.: Monstera blanchetii Schott
876. Monstera deliciosa Liebm.

Syn.: Monstera borsigiana Engl.
877. Monstera obliqua Miq.

Syn.: Monstera falcifolia Engl.
878. Morinda citrifolia L.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Stevens, W.D. et al.
879. Morus nigra L.

References: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
880. Mucuna rostrata Benth.

Syn.: Stizolobium rostratum (Benth.) Kuntze
References: Atahuachi, M. et al. (1996), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et
881. Muhlenbergia microsperma (DC.) Trin.

Syn.: Podosemum debile Kunth
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Espejo Serna, A. et al. (2000), Hendrix, L.B. et al. (1986), Hitchcock,
A.S. et al. (1936), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Peterson, P.M. et al. (2001),
Peterson, P.M. et al. (1991), Tovar, Ó. et al. (1993), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
882. Muntingia calabura L.

References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), CONABIO et al. (2009), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Funk, V.T. et al.
(2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Prado Erazo, G.E. et
al. (1986), Standley, P.C. et al. (1946), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
883. Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack

Syn.: Chalcas paniculata L.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al.
(1987), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Standley, P.C. et al.
884. Musa acuminata "Guineo enano" Colla

885. Musa acuminata "Guineo morado" AAA Colla

Syn.: Musa corniculata Kurz; Musa rumphiana Kurz; Musa simiarum Kurz; CONABIO (2009) as Musa
zebrina L. Van Houtte ex Planch.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Grayum, M.H. et al. (2003), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et
886. Musa acuminata "Guineo" Colla

Syn.: Musa x paradisiaca; Wiggins & Porter (1971) as Musa rumphiana Kurz
References: Grayum, M.H. et al. (2003), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lundh, J.P. et
al. (1995), Troncoso, N.S. et al. (1979), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971), Wolf, T. et al. (1879).
887. Musa acuminata "Orito" Colla

Syn.: Musa cavendishii Lamb. ex Paxton
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Grayum, M.H. et al. (2003), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Reck, G. et al. (1986), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
888. Musa acuminata Colla

Syn.: Musa cavendishii Lamb. ex Paxton; Wiggins & Porter (1971) as Musa corniculata Kurz; Musa
rumphiana Kurz and Musa simiarum Kurz
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Grayum, M.H. et al. (2003), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Lawesson, J.E. et
al. (1987), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
889. Musa acuminata x balbisiana "Maqueño" AAB Colla

890. Musa acuminata x balbisiana "Verde" Colla

Syn.: Musa acuminata.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Reck, G. et al. (1986), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
891. Musa velutina H. Wendl & Drude

References: Grayum, M.H. et al. (2003), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Väre, H. et al.
(2009).
892. Musa × paradisiaca L.

Syn.: Musa × sapientum L.
References: Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
893. Mussaenda philippica A. Rich.

894. Najas guadelupensis (Spreng.) Magnus

Syn.: Najas microdon var. guadalupensis (Spreng.) A. Braun; in Wiggins & Porter (1971) as Najas microdon
A. Braun
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), CONABIO et al. (2009), Hamann, O. et al.
(1979), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
895. Najas marina ssp. marina L.

Syn.: Najas marina var. latifolia K.Schum. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010)
Origin: No Data.
References: Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010).
896. Nama dichotomum (Ruiz & Pav.) Choisy

Syn.: Hydrolea dichotoma Ruiz & Pav fide Wiggins & Porter (1971)
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), CONABIO et al. (2009), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Jørgensen, P.M. et
897. Nasturtium officinale R. Br.

Syn.: Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Holmgren, N.H. et al. (2005), Jørgensen, P.M.
et al. (1999), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
898. Nautilocalyx cf. lucianii (Linden & E. Fourn.) Wiehler

Syn.: Episcia lucianii Linden & E. Fourn. (for Nautilocalyx lucianii (Linden & E. Fourn.) Wiehler)
References: Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Mora, M. et al. (2016), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
899. Neomarica gracilis (Herb.) Sprague

Syn.: Marica gracilis Herb.
References: D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Standley, P.C. et al. (1946), Tropicos.org.
et al. (2009).
900. Neoregelia carolinae f. tricolor (M.B. Foster) M.B. Foster ex L.B. Sm.
Syn.: Neoregelia carolinae var. tricolor M.B. Foster
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Smith, L.B. et al. (1979), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
901. Neptunia plena (L.) Benth.
Syn.: Desmanthus plenus (L.) Willd., Neptunia surinamensis Steud. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew &
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Marchena, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé,
Santiago.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Brako, L. et al.
(1993), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), D'Arcy, W.G. et al.
(1987), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew et al. (2010), Schery, R.W. et al. (1951), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935),
Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971), Windler, D.R. et al. (1966).
902. Nerium oleander L.

Syn.: Nerium indicum Mill.
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Schofield, E.K.
903. Nertera granadensis (Mutis ex L. f.) Druce

Syn.: Gomozia granadensis Mutis ex L. f.; in Bacigalupo, N. M., E. L. Cabral & C. M. Taylor 2008 as Cunina
sanfuentes Clos.
References: Bacigalupo, N.M. et al. (2008), Brako, L. et al. (1993), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Jørgensen,
P.M. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Standley, P.C. et al. (1937), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001),
904. Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn.

Syn.: Boberella nicandra E.H.L. Krause; Nicandra minor Hort. ex Fisch.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santiago.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Macbride, J.F. et
al. (1962), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
905. Nicotiana glutinosa L.

Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.),
906. Nicotiana tabacum L.

References: Castro, S. A. et al. (2010), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Guézou, A. et
al. (2010), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Nee, M. et al.
(1986), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Schofield, E.K. et al. (1973), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
907. Nolana galapagensis (Christoph.) Johnst.

Syn.: Periloba galapagensis Christophersen fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010)
References: Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Eliasson, U. et al. (1970), Eliasson,
U.H. et al. (1970), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1994), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987),
McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Mesa, A. et al. (1981), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield,
E.K. et al. (1984), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.),
908. Nymphaea capensis var. zanzibarensis (Casp.) Conard

909. Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam.) Urban

Syn.: Bombax pyramidale Cav. ex Lam.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E.
et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Moll, E. et al. (1990), Nowak, J.B. et
al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Prado Erazo, G.E. et al. (1988), Prado Erazo, G.E. et al. (1986), Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1973), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Tropicos.org.
910. Ocimum basilicum L.

Syn.: Ocimum thyrsiflorum L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Harley, R.M. et al. (2012), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
911. Ocimum basilicum var. basilicum L.

Syn.: Salvia alvajaca
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lundh, J.P. et al.
912. Ocimum basilicum var. pilosum (Willd.) Benth.

Syn.: Ocimum pilosum Willd.
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Harley, R.M. et al. (2012), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
913. Ocimum campechianum Mill.

Syn.: Ocimum micranthum, Salvia alvajaca
References: Fryxell, P. et al. (1979), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Harley, R.M. et al. (2012), Lundh, J.P. et al.
914. Odontonema cuspidatum (Nees) Kuntze

Syn.: Eranthemum coccineum Lem.
915. Oldenlandia corymbosa L.

Syn.: Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam.
References: Bacigalupo, N. et al. (1999), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter,
D.M. et al. (1983), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1977).
916. Olea europaea L.
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Linares, J.L. et al. (2005), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
917. Ombrophytum peruvianum Poepp. & Endl.

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1976), Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Jørgensen, P.M.
et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
918. Ombrophytum subterraneum (Aspl.) B. Hansen

Syn.: Juelia subterranea Aspl. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1976), Hansen, B. et al. (1980), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E.
et al. (1987), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
919. Oncidium hyphaematicum Rchb. f.

References: Dodson, C.H. et al. (2003), Dodson, C.H. et al. (1980), Dodson, C.H. et al. (1989), Jørgensen,
P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
920. Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.) P. Beauv.

Syn.: Oplismenus affinis Schult.
References: D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), McVaugh, R.
et al. (1983).
921. Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv.

Syn.: Oplismenus setarius (Lam.) Roem. & Schult., Oplismenus rariflorus J. Presl fide Royal Botanic
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1951), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971), Zuloaga, F.O. et al. (2003).
922. Opuntia cf. monacantha ssp. monacantha (Willd.) Haw.

923. Opuntia cf. monacantha var. variegata (Willd.) Haw.

924. Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw.

Syn.: Cactus dillenii Ker Gawl.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Madsen, J.E. et
925. Opuntia echios var. barringtonensis E.Y. Dawson

Syn.: Opuntia zacana Howell.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Fé.
References: Anderson, E.F. et al. (1967.), Davis, S. et al. (1987), Hicks, D.J. et al. (1996), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et
926. Opuntia echios var. echios Howell

Syn.: Opuntia myriacantha Weberfide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Anderson, E.F. et al. (1967.), Anderson, E.F. et al. (1970), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Helsen, P.
et al. (2008), Hicks, D.J. et al. (1996), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P.
927. Opuntia echios var. gigantea Howell

Syn.: Opuntia zacana Howell.; Wiggins & Porter (1971) as Opuntia galapageia var. gigantea Backeb.
References: Anderson, E.F. et al. (1967.), Blake, S. et al. (2011), Davis, S. et al. (1987), Helsen, P. et al.
(2008), Hicks, D.J. et al. (1996), Howell, J.T. et al. (1933), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et
al. (1978), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
928. Opuntia echios var. inermis E.Y. Dawson

Syn.: Opuntia zacana Howell.
References: Anderson, E.F. et al. (1967.), Hicks, D.J. et al. (1996), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
929. Opuntia echios var. zacana (Howell) E.F. Anderson & Walk.
Syn.: Opuntia zacana Howell.; Wiggins & Porter (1971) as Opuntia galapageia var. zacana Backeb.
References: Anderson, E.F. et al. (1970), Davis, S. et al. (1987), Hicks, D.J. et al. (1996), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et
al. (1971).
930. Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.

Syn.: Cactus ficus-indica L.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Madsen, J.E. et al. (1989), Quintana, C. et al. (2016), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Royal Botanic
931. Opuntia galapageia var. galapageia Hemsl.

Galapagos Distribution: Pinta, Santiago.
References: Davis, S. et al. (1987), Hicks, D.J. et al. (1996), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et
al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
932. Opuntia galapageia var. macrocarpa E.Y. Dawson
References: Anderson, E.F. et al. (1967.), Hicks, D.J. et al. (1996), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971).
933. Opuntia galapageia var. profusa E.F. Anderson & Walk.

Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santiago.
References: Anderson, E.F. et al. (1970), Hicks, D.J. et al. (1996), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et
934. Opuntia helleri K. Schum.

Syn.: Opuntia galapageia var. helleri Backeb.
Galapagos Distribution: Darwin, Genovesa, Marchena, Wolf.
References: Anderson, E.F. et al. (1967.), Grant, P.R. et al. (1987), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hicks, D.J. et al.
(1996), Howell, J.T. et al. (1933), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Mauchamp, A. et al. (1995), McMullen, C.K. et
al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
935. Opuntia insularis Stewart

Syn.: Opuntia galapageia var. insularis Backeb.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), De Vries, T. et al. (1987), Fosberg, F. R. et
al. (1987), Hicks, D.J. et al. (1996), Howell, J.T. et al. (1933), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000),
936. Opuntia leucotricha DC.

937. Opuntia megasperma var. megasperma Howell

References: Anderson, E.F. et al. (1967.), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Davis, S. et al. (1987), Hicks, D.J. et al.
(1996), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E.
et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et
al. (1971).
938. Opuntia megasperma var. mesophytica J. Lundh

References: Hicks, D.J. et al. (1996), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E.
et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1970), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Poorman, L.H. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et
939. Opuntia megasperma var. orientalis Howell

Galapagos Distribution: Española, Isabela, San Cristóbal.
References: Anderson, E.F. et al. (1967.), Atkinson, R. et al. (2008), Davis, S. et al. (1987), Hicks, D.J. et al.
(1996), Howell, J.T. et al. (1933), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Porter, D.M. et al. (1978), Porter, D.M. et al.
940. Opuntia microdasys var. 1 (Lehm.) Pfeiff.

941. Opuntia microdasys var. albispina Fobe

Syn.: Opuntia microdasys subsp. microdasys
942. Opuntia monacantha Haw.
943. Opuntia saxicola Howell

Syn.: Opuntia galapageia var. saxicola Backeb.
References: Anderson, E.F. et al. (1967.), Hicks, D.J. et al. (1996), Howell, J.T. et al. (1933), Lundh, J.P. et
al. (1995), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
944. Opuntia sp. 1

Origin: Introduced, Eradicated.
945. Opuntia subulata (Muehlenpf.) Engelm.

Syn.: Pereskia subulata Muehlenpf.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Madsen, J.E. et
946. Origanum majorana L.

Syn.: Majorana hortensis Moench
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Harley, R.M. et al. (2012), Lundh, J.P. et al.
947. Origanum vulgare L.

Syn.: Origanum normale D. Don
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010),
Harley, R.M. et al. (2012), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
948. Oryza sativa L.
Syn.: Oryza rubribarbis (Desv.) Steud.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), CONABIO et al. (2009), Espejo Serna, A. et al. (2000), Flores, E. et al.
(1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1951), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2005), Tateoka, T. et al.
(1963), Terrell, E.E. et al. (2000), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
949. Oxalis corniculata L.

References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jäger, H. et al. (2007),
Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lourteig, A. et al. (2000), Porter, D.M. et al.
(1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Van
der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971), Zuloaga, F.O. et al. (1997).
950. Oxalis debilis var. corymbosa (DC.) Lourteig

Syn.: Oxalis corymbosa DC. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et
al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
951. Oxalis dombeyi A. St.-Hil.

Syn.: Oxalis agassizii Rose, Oxalis cornellii Andersson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
Botanical Garden (2010). In Andersson (1855, 1861) and Svenson (1935) as Oxalis barrelieri L.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Burger, W. et al. (1995), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
952. Oxalis latifolia Kunth

Syn.: Acetosella violacea ssp. latifolia (Kunth) Kuntze
References: D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Quintana,
M.C. et al. (2010), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
953. Oxalis megalorrhiza Jacq.
Syn.: Acetosella megalorrhiza (Jacq.) Kuntze. In Andersson (1855), Robinson (1902) and Stewart (1911) as
Oxalis carnosa fide Wiggins & Porter.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Pinta, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen,
P.M. et al. (1999), Lourteig, A. et al. (2000), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
954. Oxalis triangularis A. St.-Hil.

Syn.: Acetosella triangularis (A. St.-Hil.) Kuntze; Lourteig (2000) as Oxalis tenuiscaposa R. Knuth
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lourteig, A. et al. (2000), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Zuloaga, F.O. et
al. (1997).
955. Oxalis tuberosa Molina

Syn.: Acetosella tuberosa (Molina) Kuntze
(1999), Lourteig, A. et al. (2000), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
956. Pachystachys lutea Nees

Syn.: Beloperone guttata, in Brako (1993) as Justicia lutea Ruiz & Pav. ex Nees
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Flores, E. et al. (1985),
Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
957. Pandanus tectorius var. sinensis Warb. in Engl.

Syn.: Pandanus odoratissimus var. sinensis (Warb. in Engl.) Kaneh.
958. Panicum alatum var. minus (Andersson) Zuloaga & Morrone

Syn.: Panicum alatum. In Robinson (1902) as Panicum hirticaule.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902),
959. Panicum arundinariae Trin. ex E. Fourn.

Syn.: Panicum virgultorum Hack.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Espejo Serna, A.
et al. (2000), Pohl, R.W. et al. (1980), Swallen, J.R. et al. (1955), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et
960. Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.

Galapagos Distribution: Española, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Blake, S. et al. (2011), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1987),
Itow, S. et al. (1997), Reeder, J.R. et al. (1971), Renvoize, S.A. et al. (1998), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et
961. Panicum fuscum f. firmius Andersson

Described by Andersson (1855) but does not appear in subsequent literature, including Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). It is likely that Andersson's infraspecific taxa were never
accepted. The accepted name of Panicum fuscum is Brachiaria fasciculata (Sw.) Parodi, fide Royal Botanic
Origin: No Data.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010).
962. Panicum fuscum f. pubescens Andersson

Origin: No Data.
963. Panicum fuscum f. vegetius

Origin: No Data.
964. Panicum hirticalue var. majus Andersson

Acc. name: Panicum hirticaule Presl. fide Wiggins & Porter (1971), Panicum alatum Zuloaga & Morrone fide
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
965. Panicum hirticaule J. Presl

In Andersson (1855) as Panicum hirticaulon, Robinson (1902) and Stewart (1911) as Panicum hirticaulum
var. majus.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Adsersen, A. et al. (1987), Adsersen, A. et al. (1987), Andersson, N.J. et
al. (1858), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Reed, J. et al. (1995), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
966. Panicum hirticaule var. glabrescens Andersson

References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
967. Panicum hirticaule var. minus Anderss.

Acc. name: Panicum hirticaule Presl. fide Wiggins & Porter (1971), Panicum alatum Zuloaga & Morrone fide
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). In Stewart (1911) as P. hirticaulum var.
minus.
Origin: No Data.
968. Panicum laxum Sw.
Syn.: Panicum boliviense Hack.
References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Davidse, G. et al. (1994), Davidse, G. et al.
(1994), Gould, F.W. et al. (1979), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Reeder, J.R. et al. (1971), Stevens, W.D. et al.
969. Panicum maximum Jacq.

Syn.: Urochloa maxima (Jacq.) R.D. Webster
References: Blake, S. et al. (2011), Davidse, G. et al. (1994), Davidse, G. et al. (1994), Funk, V.T. et al.
(2007), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Laegaard, S. et al. (2004), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Moll, E. et al. (1990), Porter, D.M. et al.
970. Panicum polygonatum Schrad.

Syn.: Panicum boliviense Hack. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al.
(2008), Judziewicz, E. J. et al. (1990), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Morrone, O. et al. (1995), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Zuloaga, F.O. et al. (1992), Zuloaga, F.O. et al.
(1997).
971. Parietaria debilis G. Forst.

Syn.: Parietaria floridana Nutt fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al.
972. Parietaria floridana Nutt.

Acc. name: Parietaira debilis Forst. fide Wiggins & Porter (1971). However, this taxon is accepted by Royal
Origin: No Data.
973. Parkinsonia aculeata L.
Syn.: Parkinsonia thornberi M.E. Jones fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Guerrero, A. et al.
(2009), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), McMullen, C.K. et al.
(2011), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schery, R.W. et al. (1951),
Schofield, E.K. et al. (1971), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Stewart, A. et al.
(1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
974. Paspalidium geminatum (Forssk.) Stapf

Syn.: Panicum fluitans Retz., P. geminatum Forssk. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
975. Paspalum conjugatum Bergius

Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
Blake, S. et al. (2011), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Chase, A. et al. (1939), Chase, A. et al. (1929),
Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guerrero, A. et al.
(2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Itow, S. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jäger, H. et al. (2007), Jaramillo,
P. et al. (1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983),
Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield,
E.K. et al. (1971), Smith, L.B. et al. (1982), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935),
Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971), Zuloaga, F.O. et al.
(2003).
976. Paspalum distichum L.

Syn.: Digitaria paspalodes Michx.
References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Chase, A. et al. (1939), Chase, A. et al. (1929), Davidse, G. et al.
(1994), Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1927), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Robinson,
B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971), Zuloaga, F.O. et al. (2003).
977. Paspalum fasciculatum Willd. ex Fluggé

Syn.: Paspalum vaginatum var. pleostachyum Döll
References: Chase, A. et al. (1939), Chase, A. et al. (1929), CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al.
(1987), Espejo Serna, A. et al. (2000), Swallen, J.R. et al. (1955), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Zuloaga, F.O. et
al. (2003).
978. Paspalum galapageium var. galapageium Chase

Syn.: Paspalum canescens Andersson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
In Robinson (1902) as Panicum longe-pedunculatum fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz,
Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Reeder, J.R. et al. (1971), Robinson, B.L. et al.
(1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al.
(s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971), Zuloaga, F.O. et al. (2003).
979. Paspalum galapageium var. minoratum Chase

In Robinson (1902) as Panicum longe-pedunculatum fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
References: Chase, A. et al. (1929), Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1935), Itow, S. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Reeder, J.R. et al.
(1971), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971), Zuloaga, F.O. et al. (2003).
980. Paspalum paniculatum L.

Syn.: Panicum paniculatum (L.) Kuntze
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Chase, A. et al. (1929), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Espejo Serna, A. et al. (2000), Hitchcock,
A.S. et al. (1927), Smith, L.B. et al. (1982), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971), Zuloaga,
F.O. et al. (2003).
981. Paspalum penicillatum Hook. f.

Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson,
N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Chase, A. et al. (1929), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999),
Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1994), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Reeder, J.R. et al. (1971), Robinson, B.L. et al.
(1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tovar, Ó. et al. (1993),
982. Paspalum racemosum Lam.

Syn.: Paspalum manabiense Mez
References: Chase, A. et al. (1939), Chase, A. et al. (1929), Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1927), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Morrone, O. et al. (1992), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Zuloaga, F.O. et al. (2003).
983. Paspalum redundans Chase

References: Adsersen, A. et al. (1987), Adsersen, A. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Chase, A. et al.
(1929), Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1935), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M.
et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971), Zuloaga, F.O.
et al. (2003).
984. Paspalum vaginatum Sw.

Many specimens (from the lagoons at Puerto Villamil) originally identified as Pennisetum clandestinum.
References: Laegaard, S. et al. (2004), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
985. Passiflora colinvauxii Wiggins

References: Adsersen, A. et al. (1987), Adsersen, A. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Atkinson, R. et
al. (2009), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1988), McMullen,
C.K. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al.
986. Passiflora edulis Sims
Syn.: Passiflora diaden Vell.
References: Blake, S. et al. (2011), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1999), Killip, E.P. et al. (1938), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1988), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Tapia, W. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
987. Passiflora foetida var. galapagensis Killip.

Only one variety of Passiflora foetida is present in the Galapagos: P. foetida var. galapagensis.
References: Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Itow, S. et al. (1997), McMullen,
C.K. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et
al. (2010), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et
al. (1971).
988. Passiflora ligularis Juss.

Syn.: Passiflora serratistipula DC.
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Killip, E.P. et al. (1938), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1988), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
989. Passiflora maliformis L.

Syn.: Passiflora caudata A.H. Gentry
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Holm-Nielsen, L.B. et al. (1988), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999),
990. Passiflora quadrangularis L.

Syn.: Granadilla quadrangularis (L.) Medik.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991),
D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Holm-Nielsen, L.B. et al. (1988), Killip, E.P. et al.
(1938), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1988), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E.
et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
991. Passiflora suberosa L.

Syn.: Passiflora lineariloba Hook. f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
In Andersson (1855) as Passiflora linearifolia, Stewart (1911) as Passiflora subrosa.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932),
Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Holm-Nielsen, L.B. et al. (1988), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
Killip, E.P. et al. (1938), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1988), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al.
(1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Van
992. Passiflora tridactylites Hook. f.

Galapagos Distribution: Española, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987),
Deginani, N.B. et al. (2001), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Killip, E.P. et al. (1938), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1988),
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971).
993. Pastinaca sativa L.

Syn.: Peucedanum sativum
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Reck, G. et al. (1986),
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
994. Pectis linifolia L.

Syn.: Pectidium punctatum Less. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). In
Itow (1999) as Pectis liniaefolia.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), CONABIO et al. (2009), Hokche, O. et al.
(2008), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der
995. Pectis subsquarrosa (Hook. f.) Schultz-Bip.
Syn.: Lorentea gracilis Hook.f., L. subsquarrosa Hook.f., Pectis anderssonii Robinson, P. hookeri Robinson,
P. glabra fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). Wiggins & Porter (1971)
also lists Lorentea linearis Anderss. as a doubtful synonym of this species.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Hooker, J.D. et
al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), Riley, L.A.M. et
al. (1971).
996. Pectis tenuifolia (DC.) Sch. Bip.

Syn.: Lorentea tenuifolia DC. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal
(1971).
997. Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit.

Syn.: Euphorbia tithymaloides L.
References: Burger, W. et al. (1995), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010),
Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Standley, P.C. et al. (1949), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
998. Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér.

Syn.: Pelargonium intermedium Kunth
999. Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L'Hér.

Syn.: Geranium peltatum L.
1000. Pelargonium x domesticum L.H. Bailey

References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1994),
1001. Pelargonium x hortorum L.H. Bailey

(1999), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1002. Pennisetum occidentale Chase

References: Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1003. Pennisetum pauperum Nees ex Steud.

Syn.: Amphochaeta exaltata Andersson
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Hendrix, L.B. et al. (1986), Jørgensen,
P.M. et al. (1999), Pensiero, J.F. et al. (2003), Reeder, J.R. et al. (1971), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902),
1004. Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.

Syn.: Amphochaeta exaltata Andersson, Pennisetum exaltatum (Andersson) Hook.f. ex Jacks. fide Royal
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, I. A. E. et al. (1987), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Clavijo, P. et
al. (1991), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hamann, O. et al. (1984), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1998), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Laegaard, S. et al.
(2004), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), MacDonald, I.
A. W. et al. (1987), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Rosenberg, D. et al. (1987), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
(2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tapia, W. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1005. Pentas lanceolata (Forssk.) Deflers

Syn.: Ophiorrhiza lanceolata Forssk.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lorence, D.H. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1006. Peperomia fraseri C. DC.

Syn.: Peperomia resedaeflora Linden & André, Jørgensen & León-Yánez (1999) as Peperomia fraseri var.
peltata Yunck. and Peperomia fraseri var. resedaeflora (Linden & André) C. DC.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Trelease, W. et al. (1950), Tropicos.org.
et al. (2009).
1007. Peperomia galioides Kunth

Syn.: Peperomia agapatensis C. DC.
References: Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902),
Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Trelease, W. et al. (1950), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971), Yuncker, T.G. et al. (1953).
1008. Peperomia inaequalifolia Ruiz & Pav.

Syn: Peperomia flagelliformis, P. galapagensis var. galapagensis, P. galapagensis var. ramulosa, P.
obtusilimba, P. ramulosa, fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999),
Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1994), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Yuncker, T.G. et al.
(1946).
1009. Peperomia macrostachya (Vahl) A. Dietr.

Syn.: Peperomia macrostachya var. nematostachya (Link) Trel. & Yunck.; Yuncker (1953) as Peperomia
myosurus Willd.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Trelease, W. et al. (1950), Tropicos.org.
et al. (2009), Yuncker, T.G. et al. (1953).
1010. Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) Dietr.

Syn.: Peperomia emarginata Ruiz & Pav.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1994), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Trelease, W. et al. (1950), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1011. Peperomia petiolata Hook. f.

Syn.: Peperomia stewartii C. DC. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Davis, S. et al. (1987), Hooker,
J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Robinson,
B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Trelease, W. et al. (1950),
(1971), Yuncker, T.G. et al. (1946).
1012. Peperomia rotundata Kunth

Syn.: Peperomia tequendamana, Trelease & Yuncker (1950) as Piper villosum C. DC.
References: Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1994), Trelease, W. et al. (1950),
Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1977).
1013. Peperomia sp. 1

References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987).
1014. Peperomia sp. 2

1015. Peperomia tequendamana Trel.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1016. Pereskia aculeata Mill.

Syn.: Cactus pereskia L.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Leuenberger, B.E. et
al. (1986), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Zuloaga, F.O. et al. (1997).
1017. Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC.

Syn.: Cactus bleo Kunth
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Leuenberger, B.E. et al. (1986), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1018. Pernettya howellii Sleumer

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Davis, S. et al. (1987), Eliasson, U.H. et al.
(1970), Itow, S. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987),
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1971), Sleumer, H.O. et al. (1935),
1019. Persea americana Mill.

Syn.: Laurus persea L.
References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Hamann, O. et al. (1984), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et
al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Porter, D.M. et
al. (1983), Prado Erazo, G.E. et al. (1988), Prado Erazo, G.E. et al. (1986), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010),
Rosenberg, D. et al. (1987), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1973),
Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971), Wolf, T. et al. (1879).
1020. Persicaria acuminata (Kunth) M.Gómez

Syn.: Polygonum acuminatum Kunth fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
References: D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic
1021. Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small

Syn.: Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx., P. opelousanum Riddell ex Small fide Royal Botanic Gardens,
References: Itow, S. et al. (1997), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935),
1022. Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small

Syn.: Polygonum punctatum Elliott fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
1023. Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss

(2010). This binomial combination is cited in Wiggins & Porter (1971) as Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) A W.
Hill, Hand-list Herb. Pl. Kew. ed. 3, 122. 1925. In Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010) it is cited as Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss, Fl. Transsilv. 254 254 1866.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1024. Petunia hybrida Vilm.

Syn.: Petunia violacea var. hybrida Hook.
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
1025. Phaedranassa cinerea Ravenna

References: Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Meerow, A.W. et al. (1990), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
(2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000).
1026. Phaseolus coccineus L.

Syn.: Phaseolus coccineus ssp. obvallatus (Schltdl.) Maréchal, Mascherpa & Stainier; Phaseolus polyanthus
Greenm.
References: Dwyer, J. D. et al. (1981), Freytag, G.F. et al. (2002), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Royal Botanic
1027. Phaseolus cytisoides Zoll. & Moritzi

(2010).
Origin: No Data.
et al. (2010).
1028. Phaseolus lunatus L.

Syn.: Phaseolus limensis Macfad.
References: Freytag, G.F. et al. (2002), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Marechal, R. et al. (1978), Stevens, W.D. et
1029. Phaseolus mollis Hook. f.

References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Hooker, J.D.
et al. (1847), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Piper, C.V.
et al. (1926), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org.
et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1030. Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Syn.: Phaseolus aborigineus Burkart
References: Freytag, G.F. et al. (2002), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Reck, G. et al.
(1986), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1031. Philodendron bipinnatifidum Schott ex Endl.

Syn.: Arum pinnatifidum Jacq.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Mayo, S. et al. (1991), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1032. Philodendron erubescens K. Koch & Augustin

1033. Philodendron sp. 1

1034. Phlox drummondii Hook.

References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Schofield, E.K. et
1035. Phoenix dactylifera L.

Syn.: Palma dactylifera (L.) Mill.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lundh, J.P. et al.
1036. Phoradendron berteroanum (DC.) Griseb.

Syn.: Phoradendron florianum (Andersson) Robinson, P. galapageium (Hook. f.) Robinson, P. henslovii
(Hook.f.) Robinson, P. uncinatum Robinson, Viscum florianum Andersson, V. galapageium Hook. f., V.
henslovii Hook. f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S.
et al. (1997), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
(2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
1037. Phyla nodiflora var. reptans (Kunth) Moldenke

Syn.: Lippia × reptans Kunth, Phyla × reptans (Kunth) Greene
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M.
et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
1038. Phyla strigulosa (M. Martens & Galeotti) Moldenke

Syn.: Lippa strigulosa M. Martens & Galeotti fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010). In Robinson (1902), Stewart (1911), Christophersen (1932), and Svenson (1935) as Lippia canescens.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et
al. (1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K.
1039. Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels

Syn.: Averrhoa acida L.
References: Burger, W. et al. (1995), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Hamann, O. et al. (1979), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1999), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Stevens,
W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1040. Phyllanthus caroliniensis Walter

In Robinson (1902) and Stewart (1911) as Phyllanthus carolinensis.
References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et
al. (1987), Jäger, H. et al. (2007), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1041. Phyllanthus caroliniensis ssp. caroliniensis Walter
Syn.: Phyllanthus caroliniensis Walter, Phyllanthus obovatus Muhl. ex Willd. fide Royal Botanic Gardens,
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), CONABIO et al. (2009), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Rücker, H.W. et al. (1984), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al.
1042. Phyllanthus disticha J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.

1043. Phyllostachys aurea Rivière & C. Rivière

Syn.: Phyllostachys bambusoides var. aurea (Carrière ex Rivière & C. Rivière) Makino
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), McClure, F.A. et al. (1957), Smith, L.B. et al.
1044. Physalis angulata L.

Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa
Itow, S. et al. (1997), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et
al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Waterfall, U.T. et al. (1967), Wiggins, I.L.
et al. (1971).
1045. Physalis galapagoensis Waterf.

Syn.: Physalis cordata Mill.
References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1998), Martínez, M. et al. (1998), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
1046. Physalis peruviana L.
Syn.: Alkekengi pubescens Moench
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1977).
1047. Physalis pubescens L.

Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, Santa Cruz,
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Blake, S. et al. (2011), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Christophersen, E. et al.
(1932), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Martínez, M. et al.
Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1048. Phytelephas aequatorialis Spruce

Syn.: Palandra aequatorialis (Spruce) O.F. Cook
References: Dodson, C.H. et al. (1985), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et
1049. Phytolacca americana L.

Syn.: Phytolacca decandra L.
1050. Phytolacca octandra L.

Syn.: Phytolacca decandra Descourt.
References: Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Eliasson, U. et al. (1966), Eliasson, U.H. et al. (1993), Gibbs,
G.E. et al. (1987), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al.
et al. (1971).
1051. Pilea baurii Robinson

Santiago.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Fosberg, F. R.
et al. (1987), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Itow, S. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
Jäger, H. et al. (2007), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1985), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902),
Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000),
1052. Pilea depressa (Sw.) Blume

1053. Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm.

Syn.: Parietaria microphylla L., Pilea muscosa Lindl., Pilea succulenta Hook. f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens,
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al.
(2007), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Monro, A.K. et al. (2001), Porter, D.M. et
al. (1983), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
(2010), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971), Zuloaga, F.O. et al. (2008).
1054. Pilea nummulariifolia (Sw.) Wedd.

Syn.: Urtica nummularifolia Sw.
References: D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Monro, A.K. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009).
1055. Pilea peploides (Gaudich.) Hook. & Arn.

Syn.: Dubrueilia peploides Gaudich.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Hooker,
J.D. et al. (1847), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1985),
Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al.
1056. Pilea serpyllacea (Kunth) Liebm.

Syn.: Pilea serpyllacea (Kunth) Wedd.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M.
1057. Pilea sp. 1

References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Itow, S. et al. (1987).
1058. Pilea sp. 2

1059. Piper aduncum L.

Syn.: Artanthe adunca (L.) Miq.
References: Callejas, R. et al. (2001), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al.
(2008), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tebbs, M.C. et al. (1993), Trelease, W. et al. (1950), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Yuncker, T.G. et al. (1953).
1060. Piper manabinum C. DC.

Syn.: Piper balaoense C. DC. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
1061. Piper peltatum L.

Syn.: Pothomorphe peltata fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hamann, O. et al. (1974), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Tebbs, M.C. et al. (1993), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1062. Piper sp. 1
Syn.: Putativamente Piper lenticellosum (pallidirameum) C. DC. O Piper ottoniifolium (Carmen Bonifaz,
29jan2006).
1063. Piscidia carthagenensis Jacq.

Syn.: Lonchocarpus guaricensis Pittier fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010)
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Alcivar, W. et al. (1983), Atkinson, I. A. E. et al. (1987), Atkinson, R.
et al. (2009), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Escobar, J. et al. (1985), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), McMullen, C.K. et al.
(1999), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Rudd, V.E. et al. (1969), Smith,
A.G. et al. (1964), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1987), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1064. Pisonia floribunda Hook. f.

Syn.: Torrubia floribunda (Hook. f.) Standl. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010). In Itow (1997) as Pisonia floribuda.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, I. A. E. et al. (1987), Blake, S. et al. (2011), Cayot, L. J.
et al. (1987), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), McMullen, C.K.
et al. (1999), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Robinson, B.L. et
al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1971), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Van der Werff, H.H. et al.
(1987), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1065. Pisum sativum L.

Syn.: Pisum vulgare Judz.
References: Allkin, R. et al. (1986), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), CONABIO et al.
(2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1066. Plantago galapagensis Rahn

Syn.: Plantago paralias var. pumila, P. tomentosa var. pumila, fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Rahn, K. et
1067. Plantago major L.

Syn.: Plantago officinarum Crantz fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Gibbs, G.E. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Hamann, O. et al. (1984), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al.
(1971).
1068. Plectranthus coleoides Benth.

References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Harley, R.M. et al.
1069. Plectranthus unguentarius Codd

Syn.: Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.
References: Gibbs, G.E. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Harley, R.M. et al. (2012), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009).
1070. Plectranthus verticillatus (L. f.) Druce

Syn.: Plectranthus nummularius Briq.
References: Gibbs, G.E. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Harley, R.M. et al. (2012), Hokche, O. et al.
1071. Pleuropetalum darwinii Hook. f.

References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Eliasson, U. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U.
et al. (1985), Eliasson, U. et al. (1970), Eliasson, U. et al. (1966), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Hooker, J.D. et
al. (1846), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), León-Yánez, S. et
al. (2011), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
1072. Plumbago auriculata Lam.

Syn.: Plumbago capensis Thunb.; Chen (2007) as Plumbago auriculata f. alba (Pasq.) Z.X. Peng and
Plumbago alba Pasq.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Gibbs, G.E. et al.
(1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Luteyn, J.L. et al. (1990), Stevens, W.D. et al.
1073. Plumbago coerulea Kunth

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Foster, R.C. et al. (1958), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Luteyn, J.L. et al. (1990), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
1074. Plumbago zeylanica L.

Syn.: Plumbago scandens L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et
al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1971), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et
1075. Plumeria rubra L.

Syn.: Plumeria acuminata W.T. Aiton
1076. Poa annua L.
Syn.: Aira pumila Pursh
References: D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Espejo Serna, A. et al. (2000), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hitchcock,
A.S. et al. (1951), Peterson, P. et al. (2016), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
1077. Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Hack.

Syn.: Saccharum paniceum Lam.
References: Chase, A. et al. (1950), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
1078. Polygala anderssonii B.L. Rob.

Syn.: Polygala puberula Andersson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932),
Howell, J.T. et al. (1968), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971).
1079. Polygala galapageia var. galapageia Hook. f.

Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Marchena, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Howell, J.T. et al. (1968), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Tropicos.org.
et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1080. Polygala galapageia var. insularis (Bennett) Robinson

Syn.: Polygala obovata Hook.f. (non St. Hil.) fide Wiggins & Porter (1971), P. chatamensis Andersson, P.
obovata f. angustifolia Andersson, P. obovata f. latifolia Andersson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew &
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Howell, J.T. et al. (1968), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic
1081. Polygala sancti-georgii var. oblanceolata Howell

References: Howell, J.T. et al. (1966), Howell, J.T. et al. (1968), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1082. Polygala sancti-georgii var. sancti-georgii Riley

Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Pinta.
References: Howell, J.T. et al. (1968), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org.
1083. Polygonum galapagense Caruel

References: Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
(2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
1084. Polygonum hydropiperoides var. persicarioides (Kunth) Stanford

Acc. name: Polygonum hydropiperoides var. setaceum (Baldwin) Gleason fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
& Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). However, the nomenclature of P. hydropiperoides var. setaceum is
unresolved as of 22-Jul-2011 fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
References: Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
1085. Polymnia sonchifolia Poepp

1086. Polypremum procumbens L.
Syn.: Hasslerella rojasii Chodat and Polypremum laxum Raf.
References: Norman, E.M. et al. (2000), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
1087. Polyscias cumingiana (C. Presl.) Fern.-Vill.

Syn.: Anomopanax cumingianus (C. Presl) Merr.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lowry, P.P. et al. (1989), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1088. Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms

Syn.: Aralia tripinnata Blanco
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lowry, P.P. et al. (1989), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
1089. Polyscias guilfoylei (W. Bull) L.H. Bailey

Syn.: Aralia guilfoylei W. Bull
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lowry, P.P. et al. (1989), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1090. Polyscias scutellaria Burm. f.) Fosberg

Syn.: Aralia balfouriana André
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lowry, P.P. et al. (1989), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
1091. Ponthieva maculata Lindl.

Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Dodson, C.H. et al. (2003), Garay, L.A. et al. (1978), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
1092. Porophyllum ruderale ssp. macrocephalum (DC.) R.R. Johnson
Syn.: Porophyllum ellipticum. This species, as reported by Wiggins & Porter (1971), most likely also refers to
Porophyllum ruderale sensu Andersson (1855), Robinson (1902) et Stewart (1911).
Santiago.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Cronquist, A. et al. (1970), Guézou, A. et
al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et
al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.).
1093. Portulaca grandiflora Hook.

Syn.: Portulaca caryophylloides hort. ex Vilm.
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Vásquez. M.R. et al.
(2003).
1094. Portulaca howellii (D. Legrand) Eliasson

Syn.: Portulaca lutea var. howellii D. Legrand fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010).
Galapagos Distribution: Darwin, Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta,
Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago, Wolf.
References: Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Eliasson, U. et al. (1966), Grant, P.R. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Mauchamp, A. et al. (1995), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
1095. Portulaca oleracea L.

Syn.: Portulaca parvifolia Haw. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
Santa Fé, Santiago, Wolf.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Blake, S. et al. (2011), Castro, S. A. et
al. (2010), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Eliasson, U. et al. (1966), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Hendrix, L.B. et al. (1986), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Legrand, C.D. et al. (1962), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson,
B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al.
1096. Portulaca pilosa L.
Syn.: Portulaca ehrenbergii Poelln.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Legrand, C.D. et al. (1962), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1097. Portulaca umbraticola Kunth

Syn.: Portulaca coronata Small. Wiggins & Porter (1971) formerly regarded as native in Galápagos, but early
records seem to have been based on misidentified Trianthema portulacastrum.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz,
Santiago.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Burger, W. et al. (1995), CONABIO et al. (2009), Eliasson, U. et al.
(1966), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Legrand, C.D. et al. (1962), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1098. Portulacaria afra Jacq.

1099. Posoqueria latifolia (Rudge) Roem. & Schult.

Syn.: Posoqueria latifolia (Rudge) Roem. & Schult.
References: Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1100. Pourouma bicolor var. chocoana (Standl.) C.C. Berg & Heusden
Syn.: Pourouma chocoana Standl.
References: Berg, C.C. et al. (1993), Berg, C.C. et al. (1990), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999).
1101. Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn

Syn.: Sideroxylum sapota Jacq.
References: D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Pennington,
T.D. et al. (1990), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1102. Prescottia oligantha (Sw.) Lindl.

Syn.: Cranichis micrantha Spreng.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Garay, L.A. et al. (1978), Luer, C.A. et al. (1972), Stevens, W.D. et al.
1103. Pritchardia lanigera Becc.

1104. Priva lappulacea (L.) Pers.

Syn.: Verbena lappulacea L.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Foster, R.C. et al.
(1958), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Macbride, J.F. et al. (1960), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M.
et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
1105. Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.

Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Burkart, A. et al.
(1976), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Finston, T.L. et al. (1997), Heleno, R. et al.
(1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Schery, R.W. et al. (1951), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1106. Prunus domestica L.

Syn.: Prunus communis Huds.
1107. Prunus persica (L.) Batsch
Syn.: Amygdalus persica L.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al.
1108. Prunus serotina ssp. capuli (Cav.) McVaugh

Syn.: Prunus salicifolia Kunth
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), McVaugh, R. et al. (1951), Romoleroux, K. et al. (1996), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1109. Prunus sp. 1

References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987).
1110. Prunus sp. 2

1111. Pseudelephantopus spicatus (B. Juss. ex Aubl.) C.F. Baker

Syn.: Distreptus spicatus (B. Juss. ex Aubl.) Cass.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et
al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, H. et al. (2006), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et
al. (1971).
1112. Pseudelephantopus spiralis (Less.) Cronquist

Syn.: Chaetospira funckii (Turcz.) S.F. Blake
References: Cronquist, A. et al. (1970), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Heleno, R. et al.
(2011), Jäger, H. et al. (2007), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Nowak, J.B. et al.
(1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, H. et al. (2006), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
1113. Pseuderanthemum carruthersii (Seem.) Guillaumin

Syn.: Eranthemum atropurpureum W. Bull
1114. Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides (Kunth) Cabrera

Syn.: Gynoxys berlandieri DC.
References: Robinson, H. et al. (2006), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1115. Pseudogynoxys scabra (Benth.) Cuatrec.

Syn.: Senecio eggersii
1116. Psidium galapageium var. galapageium Hook. f.

References: Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et
al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1968), Porter, D.M. et al.
1117. Psidium galapageium var. howellii Porter

References: Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1968), Porter,
1118. Psidium guajava L.

Syn.: Psidium pyriferum L.; Psidium guayava Raddi
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Blake, S. et al. (2011), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Cayot, L. J. et al.
(1987), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Cifuentes, M. et al. (19887), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Davis, S. et al. (1987),
De Vries, T. et al. (1987), Estupiñan, I. et al. (1985), Gardener, M. et al. (2010), Gardener, M. R. et al. (1999),
Gerecke, R. et al. (1995), Gordillo, J. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hamann, O. et al. (1984),
Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Itow, S. et al. (1987), Jäger, H. et al. (2007), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jaramillo, P.
et al. (1999), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Laegaard, S. et al. (2004), Lawesson, J.E.
et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Liogier,
H.A. et al. (1994), Mauchamp, A. et al. (2008-2009), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), McVaugh, R. et al.
(1956), Meyer, M. et al. (1987), Motooka, P. et al. (1987), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al.
(1968), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Prado Erazo, G.E. et al. (1988), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Rosenberg, D. et
al. (1987), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1973), Tapia, W. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Tye, A. et al.
(2002), Utreras, M. et al. (1982), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1119. Psychotria angustata Andersson

References: Adsersen, A. et al. (1987), Adsersen, A. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andersson, N.J.
et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Atkinson, R. et al. (2008), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Mauchamp, A. et al. (1998), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1120. Psychotria rufipes Hook. f.

Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Guerrero, A. et al.
(2009), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jäger,
H. et al. (2007), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.),
Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1971), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935),
(1971).
1121. Ptychosperma elegans (R. Br.) Blume

Syn.: Seaforthia elegans R. Br.
1122. Pueraria phaseoloides var. javanica (Roxb.) Benth.
Syn.: Pachyrhizus mollis Hassk.
Origin: Introduced, Eradicated.
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1123. Punica granatum L.

Syn.: Punica florida Salisb.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al.
(2008), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
1124. Pycreus bipartitus (Torr.) C.B. Clarke

Syn.: Cyperus rivularis Kunth, C. rivularis ssp. lagunetto fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
Botanical Garden (2010). In Robinson (1902) as Cyperus tristachyus Boeck., Eliasson (1965) as Cyperus
piceus Liebm. fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
1125. Pycreus fugax (Liebm.) C.D.Adams

Syn.: Cyperus fugax Liebm. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010) et
Jørgensen (1999).
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal
1126. Pycreus polystachyos ssp. holosericeus T. Koyama

Syn.: Cyperus polystachyos.
References: Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1127. Pycreus polystachyos var. microdontus (Torr.) Govaerts

Syn.: Cyperus polystachyos subsp. holosericeus (Link) T.Koyama fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew &
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Koyama, T. et al. (1970), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
1128. Pyracantha koidzumii (Hayata) Rehder

Syn.: Cotoneaster formosanus Hayata
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1129. Pyrus communis L.

References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (2005), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1130. Quisqualis indica L.

Syn.: Combretum indicum (L.) Jongkind
1131. Ranunculus flagelliformis Sm.

Syn.: Ranunculus sarmentoso-repens Steud., Molero (1985) as Casalea flagelliformis (Sm.) A. St.-Hil.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Van Leeuwen, J.F. et al. (2008).
1132. Raphanus sativus L.

Syn.: Raphanus acanthiformis J.M. Morel ex Sasaki
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Flores,
E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Schofield,
E.K. et al. (1973), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971), Wolf, T. et
al. (1879).
1133. Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn.
Syn.: Heliconia ravenala Willemet
1134. Rhizophora mangle L.

Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa
Cruz, Santiago.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Andersen, S.W. et al. (1986), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson,
N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), CONABIO et al. (2009), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847),
Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), McMullen, C.K. et al.
(1999), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1971), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Schönitzer, K. et al.
(1975), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1135. Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC.

Syn.: Rhynchosia aureo-guttata Andersson, R. exigua Andersson, R. punctata DC. fide Royal Botanic
CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Dwyer, J. D. et al. (1981), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965),
Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Grant, P.R. et al. (1980), Grear, J.W. et al. (1978),
Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999),
McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Standley, P.C. et al. (1946), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1136. Rhynchospora contracta (Nees) J. Raynal

Syn.: Rhynchospora micrantha Vahl.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Davidse, G. et al.
(1994), Eliasson, U.H. et al. (1993), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Gómez-Laurito, J. et al. (2003), Itow, S. et al.
(1987), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Strong, M.T. et al. (2006), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
1137. Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britton

References: Atkinson, I. A. E. et al. (1987), Brako, L. et al. (1993), CONABIO et al. (2009), Davidse, G. et
al. (1994), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1138. Rhynchospora nervosa ssp. ciliata (G. Mey.) T. Koyama

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Koyama, T. et al.
(1970), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Thomas, W.W. et al. (1984), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1139. Rhynchospora radicans (Schltdl. & Cham.) Pfeiffer

Syn.: Dichromena radicans Schltdl. & Cham fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010).
References: Davidse, G. et al. (1994), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Gómez-Laurito, J. et al. (2003), Guézou, A.
et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Svenson, H.K. et al.
(1939), Thomas, W.W. et al. (1984), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1140. Rhynchospora rariflora (Michx.) Elliott

Syn.: Rhynchospora micrantha Vahl fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
1141. Rhynchospora rugosa (Vahl) Gale

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guerrero, A. et al.
(2009), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Itow, S. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jäger, H. et al. (2007),
Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Standley, P.C. et al. (1958),
1142. Rhynchospora tenuis Link

Syn.: Dichromena gracilis (Spreng.) Kunth
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Strong, M.T. et al. (2006), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et
al. (1971).
1143. Ricinus communis L.

Syn.: Ricinus africanus Mill.
Castro, S. A. et al. (2010), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), CONABIO et al. (2009), Fosberg,
F. R. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Jaramillo, P.
et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter,
D.M. et al. (1983), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et
al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1973), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org.
1144. Rivina humilis L.

References: Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Eliasson, U. et al. (1966), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al.
(1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1145. Rorippa nana (Schltdl.) J.F. Macbr.

Syn.: Kardanoglyphos nana Schltdl.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et
1146. Rosa x hybrid cultivars

References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.).
1147. Rosmarinus officinalis L.

References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Harley, R.M. et al.
(2012), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1148. Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W.D. Clayton
Syn.: Stegosia cochinchinensis Lour.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), CONABIO et al. (2009), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009).
1149. Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F. Cook

Syn.: Euterpe jenmanii Wright
1150. Rubus adenotrichos Schltdl.

Syn.: Rubus roseorum A. Berger
References: Romoleroux, K. et al. (1996), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Tye, A. et al. (2002).
1151. Rubus bogotensis Kunth

References: Luteyn, J.L. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1152. Rubus glaucus Benth.

Syn.: Rubus eriocarpus Liebm.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2005), Pankhurst, R.J. et al. (2001), Stevens, W.D.
et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Tye, A. et al. (2002).
1153. Rubus megalococcus Focke

References: Foster, R.C. et al. (1958), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Luteyn, J.L. et al. (1999), Romoleroux,
K. et al. (1996), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Tye, A. et al. (2002).
1154. Rubus niveus Thunb.

Syn. over 20 names, including Rubus albescens Roxb.; Rubus lasiocarpus Sm.
References: Blake, S. et al. (2011), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Crespo, F. et al. (2012), Gardener, M. et al. (2010),
Gardener, M. R. et al. (1999), Gerecke, R. et al. (1995), Gordillo, J. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010),
Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Laegaard, S. et al. (2004),
Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Mauchamp, A. et al. (2008-2009), Moll, E. et al. (1990), Pankhurst, R.J. et al.
(2001), Prado, L. et al. (1995), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tapia, W. et al. (1999),
Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Tye, A. et al. (2002).
1155. Rubus ulmifolius Schott.

1156. Ruellia floribunda Hook.

Syn.: Aphragmia rotundifolia Nees
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et
1157. Ruellia malacosperma Greenm.

References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Dodson, C.H. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et
1158. Rumex crispus L.

Syn.: Rumex hydrolapathum Huds.
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1972), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et
1159. Ruppia maritima L.

Syn.: Potamogeton filifolius Phil., in CONABIO, 2009 as Buccaferrea maritima Lunell
Galapagos Distribution: Genovesa, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santiago.
References: Castro, S. A. et al. (2010), CONABIO et al. (2009), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Robinson, B.L. et
al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1160. Russelia equisetiformis Schltdl. & Cham.

Syn.: Russelia juncea Zucc.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Flores, E. et al.
(1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1900), Standley, P.C. et
1161. Ruta graveolens L.

Syn.: Ruta hortensis Mill.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
1162. Rytidostylis carthagenensis var. carthaginensis (Jacq.) Kuntze

1163. Rytidostylis carthagenensis var. cordatum (Hook. f.) Svenson

Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, Santiago.
1164. Saccharum officinarum L.

Syn.: Saccharum atrorubens Cuzent & Pancher ex Drake
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Reck, G. et al.
(1986), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wolf, T. et al. (1879).
1165. Saintpaulia cultivars

1166. Salvia insularum Epling

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Harley, R.M. et al. (2012), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010).
1167. Salvia leucantha L.

References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Harley, R.M. et al. (2012), Hokche, O. et al.
1168. Salvia occidentalis Sw.

Syn.: Salvia procumbens Ruiz & Pav. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Cayot,
L. J. et al. (1987), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Harley, R.M. et al. (2012), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S.
et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Riley,
L.A.M. et al. (1925), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
1169. Salvia officinalis L.

References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), CONABIO et al. (2009), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Harley, R.M. et al.
1170. Salvia prostrata Hook. f.

In Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010) as Salvia prostratus.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Harley, R.M. et al. (2012), Hooker, J.D.
et al. (1847), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson,
1171. Salvia pseudoserotina Epling
Syn.: Salvia insularum, S. floriana Howell
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Epling, C.C. et al. (1935), Harley, R.M. et
al. (2012), Howell, J.T. et al. (1935), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al.
(2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1172. Salvia sagittata Ruiz & Pav.

Syn.: Salvia rumicifolia Kunth
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Harley, R.M. et al. (2012), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Jørgensen,
P.M. et al. (1994), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1173. Salvia tiliifolia Vahl.

In Hooker (1847), Andersson (1855), Robinson (1902) and Stewart (1911) as Salvia tilliaefolia Vahl. Based
on a Darwin specimen. Not mentioned after Stewart (1911). Name accepted by Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
& Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
Origin: No Data.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Harley, R.M. et al. (2012),
A. et al. (1911).
1174. Sambucus mexicana C. Presl. ex DC.

Syn.: Sambucus bipinnata Schltdl. & Cham.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987).
1175. Sambucus nigra L.

Syn.: Sambucus graveolens Willd.
1176. Sanchezia speciosa Leonard

1177. Sansevieria stuckyi God.-Leb.

1178. Sansevieria trifasciata Prain

Syn.: Sansevieria laurentii De Wild.
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), CONABIO et al. (2009), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Grayum, M.H. et al.
(2003), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
1179. Sapindus saponaria L.

References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Prado Erazo, G.E. et al. (1986), Robinson, B.L. et al.
(1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1971), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
1180. Sarcocornia fruticosa (L.) A.J.Scott

Syn.: Salicornia fruticosa (L.) L., Salicornia peruviana Kunth fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri
Botanical Garden (2010). In Stewart (1911) as Salicornia sp.
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1968), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
1181. Sarcostemma angustissimum (Andersson) R.W. Holm

Syn.: Asclepias angustissima Andersson fide Wiggins & Porter (1971)
Santiago.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Robinson,
B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.),
1182. Scadoxus multiflorus (L.) Friis & Nordal

1183. Scaevola plumieri (L.) Vahl

Syn.: Scaevola lobelia Murray fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Finston, T.L. et al. (1997), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847),
Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jeppesen, S. et al. (1981), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999),
McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1184. Scalesia affinis Hook. f.

Syn.: Scalesia affinis ssp. brachyloba Harling, S. decurrens Andersson, S. gummifera Hook.f., S. narbonensis,
Scalesia menziesii O.Deg. & Sherff, Robinson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, R.
et al. (2008), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Bisconti, M. et al. (2001), De Vries, T. et
al. (1987), Eliasson, U. et al. (1970), Eliasson, U. et al. (1974), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Hamann, O. et al.
(1987), Harling, G. et al. (1962), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Howell, J.T. et al. (1941), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (2007), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2007), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (2006), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2005), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), León-Yánez, S. et al.
(2011), Linsley, E.G. et al. (1966), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), McMullen,
C.K. et al. (2011), Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975),
1185. Scalesia affinis ssp. affinis Hook. f.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010) does not accept infraspecific taxa for
Scalesia affinis Hook.f.
References: Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Eliasson, U. et al. (1974), Harling, G. et al. (1962), Hooker, J.D. et al.
al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Tye, A. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
1186. Scalesia affinis ssp. brachyloba Harling

Scalesia affinis Hook.f.
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1974), Harling, G. et al. (1962), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(2006), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009), Tye, A. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000).
1187. Scalesia affinis ssp. gummifera (Hook. f.) Harling

Syn.: Scalesia gummifera Hook. f.. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010) does
not accept infraspecific taxa for Scalesia affinis Hook.f.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Eliasson, U. et al. (1974), Harling, G. et al. (1962), Hooker, J.D. et
al. (1847), Howell, J.T. et al. (1941), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2006), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000).
1188. Scalesia aspera Andersson

Syn.: Scalesia aspera var. aspera, S. aspera var. subintegerrima Harling, fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew &
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Arsiniegas, M. et al. (1996),
Eliasson, U. et al. (1974), Harling, G. et al. (1962), Howell, J.T. et al. (1941), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo,
P. et al. (2006), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987),
Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia,
R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1189. Scalesia atractyloides var. atractyloides Arn.

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Atkinson, R. et al. (2008), Eliasson, U. et al. (1974), Jaramillo, P. et
al. (2000), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2006), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (1987), Mauchamp, A. et al. (1998), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia,
R. et al. (2000).
1190. Scalesia atractyloides var. darwinii (Hook. f.) Eliasson

Syn.: Scalesia darwinii Hook. f.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, R. et al. (2008), Eliasson, U.
et al. (1974), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2006), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Mauchamp,
A. et al. (1998), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000).
1191. Scalesia baurii ssp. baurii Rob. & Greenm.

Syn.: Scalesia bauri var. glabrata B.L. Rob.
Galapagos Distribution: Pinta, Pinzón, Wolf.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U. et al. (1974), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(2006), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et
al. (1971).
1192. Scalesia baurii ssp. hopkinsii (Robinson) Eliasson

Syn.: Scalesia hopkinsii Robinson
Galapagos Distribution: Pinta, Wolf.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U. et al. (1974), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al.
1193. Scalesia cordata Stewart

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Atkinson, R. et al. (2008), Atkinson, R. et
al. (2009), Bisconti, M. et al. (2001), De Vries, T. et al. (1987), Eliasson, U. et al. (1974), Howell, J.T. et al.
(1941), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2006), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), Mauchamp, A. et al. (2008-2009),
McMullen, C.K. et al. (2011), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1985), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
1194. Scalesia crockeri Howell

References: Bisconti, M. et al. (2001), De Vries, T. et al. (1987), Eliasson, U. et al. (1970), Eliasson, U. et al.
(1974), Howell, J.T. et al. (1941), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2006), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org.
et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1195. Scalesia darwinii var. championensis Stewart

Described by Stewart (1911) (Slevin no. 1025). However, this species is not listed in any other Galapagos
literature nor does this taxon appear in Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010) or
Wiggins & Porter (1971).
Origin: No Data.
References: Jaramillo, P. et al. (2006), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
1196. Scalesia divisa Andersson

Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Bisconti, M. et al. (2001), Eliasson, U. et al. (1974), Gordillo, J. et al.
(1987), Howell, J.T. et al. (1941), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2006),
Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), McMullen, C.K. et al. (2011), Robinson, B.L. et
(1971).
1197. Scalesia gordilloi O. Hamann & Wium-And.

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Gordillo, J. et al. (1987), Hamann, O. et al.
(1986), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2006), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999),
Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000).
1198. Scalesia helleri B.L. Rob.
Syn.: Scalesia helleri ssp. santacruziana Harling
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Arsiniegas, M. et al. (1996), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Bisconti, M.
et al. (2001), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Harling, G. et al. (1962), Howell, J.T. et al. (1941), Itow, S. et
al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2006), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), Linsley,
E.G. et al. (1966), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902),
1199. Scalesia helleri ssp. helleri Robinson

Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz, Santa Fé.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Eliasson, U. et al. (1974), Harling, G. et al.
al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000).
1200. Scalesia helleri ssp. santacruziana Harling

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Eliasson, U. et al. (1974), Harling, G. et al. (1962), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et
1201. Scalesia incisa Hook. f.

Syn.: Scalesia snodgrassii Robinson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Bisconti, M. et al. (2001), De Vries, T. et al. (1987), Eliasson, U. et al. (1974), Gordillo, J. et al. (1987),
Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Howell, J.T. et al. (1941), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo,
P. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2006), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011),
1202. Scalesia microcephala Robinson

Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Bisconti, M. et al. (2001), Eliasson, U. et al. (1970), Eliasson, U. et al.
(1968), Hamann, O. et al. (1987), Harling, G. et al. (1962), Hendrix, L.B. et al. (1986), Howell, J.T. et al.
(1941), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2006), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), Mauchamp, A. et al. (2008-2009), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Porter,
D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
1203. Scalesia microcephala var. cordifolia Eliasson

References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1974), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2006), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1204. Scalesia microcephala var. microcephala Robinson

References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1974), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2006), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.).
1205. Scalesia pedunculata Hook. f.

Syn.: Scalesia ovata Andersson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
References: Adsersen, A. et al. (1987), Adsersen, A. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et
al. (1987), Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, I. A. E. et al. (1987), Atkinson,
R. et al. (2009), Blair, C. et al. (1985), Carvajal, Y. et al. (1985), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Cifuentes, M. et al.
(19887), De Vries, T. et al. (1987), Eliasson, U. et al. (1974), Estupiñan, I. et al. (1985), Gardener, M. et al.
(2010), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Harling, G. et al. (1962), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al.
Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), León-Yánez, S. et al.
(2011), Mauchamp, A. et al. (2008-2009), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999),
Porter, D.M. et al. (1987), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1973), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1206. Scalesia pedunculata var. indurata Howell
Scalesia pedunculata Hook.f.
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1968), Howell, J.T. et al. (1941), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
1207. Scalesia pedunculata var. parviflora Howell

Syn.: Scalesia ovata fide Wiggins & Porter (1971). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010) does not accept infraspecific taxa for Scalesia pedunculata Hook.f.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Howell, J.T. et al. (1941), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal
(1971).
1208. Scalesia pedunculata var. pedunculata Hook. f.

Scalesia pedunculata Hook.f.
References: Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
1209. Scalesia retroflexa Hemsl.

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Arsiniegas, M. et al. (1996), Bisconti, M. et al. (2001), Eliasson, U. et
al. (1974), Harling, G. et al. (1962), Howell, J.T. et al. (1941), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(2000), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et
1210. Scalesia stewartii Riley

Syn.: Scalesia stewartii var. euryphylla fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010)
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Bisconti, M. et al. (2001), Eliasson, U. et al. (1974), Harling, G. et al.
Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1211. Scalesia villosa Stewart

Syn.: Scalesia villosa var. championensis Stewart fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010)
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Bisconti, M. et al. (2001), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Eliasson,
U. et al. (1974), Howell, J.T. et al. (1941), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2006), Lawesson, J.E. et
al. (1987), León-Yánez, S. et al. (2011), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925), Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1212. Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.) Harms

Syn.: Brassaia actinophylla Endl.
1213. Schefflera arboricola Hayata

Syn.: Heptapleurum arboricola Hayata
1214. Schinus molle L.

Syn.: Schinus angustifolia Sessé & Moc.
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et
al. (1987), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1215. Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) S.F. Blake

Syn.: Cassia parahyba Vell.
References: D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Linares, J.L. et al. (2005), Schery, R.W. et al.
(1951), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001).
1216. Schlumbergera truncata (Haw.) Moran

References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Navarro, G. et al. (1996), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Véliz Pérez, M.E
et al. (2008).
1217. Scleria ciliaris Ness

Syn.: Scleria bancana Miq.; Scleria bancana var. nana Ridl.; Scleria chinensis Kunth; Scleria malaccensis
Boeckeler and Scleria scrobiculata Moritzi.
References: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1218. Scleria distans Poir.

Syn.: Scleria nutans Willd. ex Kunth
References: Blake, S. et al. (2011), Jäger, H. et al. (2007), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et
1219. Scleria melaleuca Rchb. ex Schltdl. & Cham.

Syn.: Scleria pterota C. Presl, S. pratensis Lindl. ex Nees, fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jäger, H. et al. (2007), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
1220. Scoparia dulcis L.

References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Chen, J. et al. (2007),
Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Holmgren, N.H. et al. (1984), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Robinson,
(2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1221. Scutellaria sp. 1

1222. Scutia spicata (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Weberb.

Syn.: Scutia pauciflora (Hook. f.) Weberb. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010).
References: Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D.
et al. (1847), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Schönitzer, K. et al.
1223. Scutia spicata var. pauciflora (Hook. f.) M.C. Johnst.

Syn.: Scutia pauciflora (Hook. f.) Weberb.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1224. Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.

Syn.: Chayota edulis (Jacq.) Jacq.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Davidse, G. et al. (2009), Davidse, G. et al.
(2009), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Wunderlin, R.P. et al. (1978).
1225. Sedum lineare Thunb.

Syn.: Sedum anhuiense S.H. Fu & X.W. Wang
1226. Sedum pachyphyllum Rose

1227. Sedum rubrotinctum R.T. Clausen

1228. Selenicereus anthonyanus (Alexander) D.R. Hunt

Syn.: Cryptocereus anthonyanus Alexander
1229. Selenicereus megalanthus (Schumann ex Vaupel) Moran

Syn.: Cereus megalanthus K. Schum. ex Vaupel
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Madsen, J.E. et al. (1989), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1230. Senecio cineraria DC.

Syn.: Cineraria acanthifolia Rchb.
References: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Vásquez, D. L. et al.
(2016).
1231. Senecio macroglossus DC.

References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Vásquez, D. L. et al. (2016).
1232. Senna alata (L.) Roxb.

Syn.: Cassia alata L.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), CONABIO et al. (2009), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Howard, R.A. et al. (1988), Irwin, H.S. et al. (1982), Linares, J.L. et al. (2005), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
1233. Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb.

Syn.: Cassia bicapsularis
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009).
1234. Senna hirsuta (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby

Syn.: Cassia hirsuta L fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
1235. Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby

Syn.: Cassia tora
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Porter, D.M. et al.
1236. Senna occidentalis (L.) Link

Syn.: Cassia occidentalis fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Itow, S.
et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al.
1237. Senna pistaciifolia var. picta (G.Don) Irwin & Barneby

Syn.: Cassia applanata Andersson, C. picta G.Don fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010)
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Christophersen,
E. et al. (1932), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et
al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1238. Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby

Syn.: Cassia septemtrionalis Viv.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Howard, R.A. et al.
(1988), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Linares, J.L. et al. (2005), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009).
1239. Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby

Syn.: Cassia siamea Lam.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Howard, R.A. et al. (1988), Irwin, H.S. et al. (1982), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Linares, J.L. et al.
(2005), Liogier, H.A. et al. (1988), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1240. Senna sp. 1

1241. Senna uniflora (Mill.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby

Syn.: Cassia sericea Sw., C. uniflora Mill. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010)
1242. Sesamum indicum L.

Syn.: Dysosmon amoenum Raf., Sesamum orientale L.
1243. Sesbania sp. 1
1244. Sesuvium edmondstonei Hook. f.

Galapagos Distribution: Darwin, Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San
Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Wolf.
(1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925), Robinson, B.L. et
al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
1245. Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.

Syn.: Portulaca portulacastrum L.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Eliasson, U.
et al. (1966), Finston, T.L. et al. (1997), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al.
(1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Riley, L.A.M. et al.
Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
1246. Setaria grisebachii E. Fourn.

Syn.: Setaria membranifolia R.A.W.
References: Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Pensiero, J.F. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1247. Setaria macrostachya Kunth

Syn.: Setaria vulpiseta. Originally identified as S. vulpiseta, re-identified as S. m. by Penseiro (1999).
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1858), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Pensiero, J.F. et al. (1999), Porter,
1248. Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen
Syn.: Setaria geniculata fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). In Mukherjee
(1954) as Saccharum atrorubens Cuzent & Pancher ex Drake. In Robinson (1902) as Setaria floriana Anderss
fide Wiggins & Porter (1971, see p. 891)
References: Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Mukherjee, S.K. et al. (1954), Pensiero, J.F. et
al. (1999), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
1249. Setaria setosa (Sw.) P. Beauv.

In Hooker (1847) and Andersson (1855) as Setaria rottleri Spreng., Andersson (1855) as Setaria antillarum
(Roem. & Schult.) Kunth fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), CONABIO et al. (2009), Fosberg, F. R.
et al. (1987), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Hendrix, L.B. et al. (1986), Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1951), Hitchcock,
A.S. et al. (1936), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Pensiero,
J.F. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al.
et al. (1971).
1250. Setaria sphacelata (Scumach.) Moss

Syn.: Panicum sphacelatum Schumach.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Laegaard, S. et
al. (2004), McVaugh, R. et al. (1983), Pohl, R.W. et al. (1980), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1251. Setaria vulpiseta (Lam.) Roem. & Schult.

Syn.: Chaetochloa vulpiseta (Lam.) Hitchc. & Chase
References: Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
1252. Sicana odorifera (Vell.) Naudin

Syn.: Cucurbita odorifera Vell.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jeffrey, C. et al.
(1992), Jeffrey, C. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1253. Sicyocaulis pentagonus Wiggins

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter,
D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.),
1254. Sicyos villosus Hook. f.

In Hooker (1847) and Andersson (1855) as Sicyos villosa.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Jaramillo, P.
et al. (2000), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter,
D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al.
1255. Sida acuta Burm. f.

Syn.: Sida acuta var. carpinifolia (L. f.) K. Schum. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010). Erroneously reported by Andersson (1855); misidentification of Malvastrum
coromandelianum (L.) Garcke
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1256. Sida ciliaris L.

Syn.: Sida anomala A. St.-Hil.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Fryxell, P. et al. (1979), Fryxell, P.A. et al. (1992), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Hamann, O. et al. (1979), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
1257. Sida cordata (Burm. f.) Borss.Waalk.
Syn.: Sida veronicifolia Lam. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). In
Robinson (1902) as Sida veronicaefolia.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Pinta.
References: Hamann, O. et al. (1979), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
1258. Sida glutinosa Comm. ex Cav.

Syn.: Sida dictyocarpa Griseb. ex K. Schum.
References: Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1977).
1259. Sida hederifolia Cav.

Syn.: Sida veronicifolia var. hederifolia K. Schum. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van
1260. Sida rhombifolia L.

Blake, S. et al. (2011), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991),
CONABIO et al. (2009), Fryxell, P. et al. (1979), Fryxell, P.A. et al. (1992), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009),
Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo,
P. et al. (1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Porter,
D.M. et al. (1983), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et
1261. Sida rupo Ulbr.

Syn.: Sida jatrophioides L'Hér.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Eliasson, U.H. et al. (1970), Van der Werff,
H.H. et al. (s.a.).
1262. Sida salviifolia C. Presl

Syn.: Sida salviifolia var. submutica J.T. Howell ex Kearney
References: Blake, S. et al. (2011), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Fryxell, P. et al.
(1979), Fryxell, P.A. et al. (1992), Grant, P.R. et al. (1987), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1998), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984),
1263. Sida spinosa L.

Syn.: Sida angustifolia Lam., S. tenuicaulis Hook.f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010)
Santiago.
N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Blake, S. et al. (2011), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987),
Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Fosberg, F. R. et al.
(1987), Fryxell, P. et al. (1979), Fryxell, P.A. et al. (1992), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847),
Itow, S. et al. (1997), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Standley, P.C.
et al. (1946), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L.
et al. (1971).
1264. Sidastrum paniculatum (L.) Fryxell

Syn.: Sida paniculata L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). In Robinson
(1902) as Sida cordifolia L.
References: Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Porter, D.M.
1265. Silene sp. 1

References: Appeltans, W. et al. (2010).
1266. Sinningia speciosa (Lodd.) Hiern
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Mora, M. et al. (2016), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
1267. Sisyrinchium galapagense Ravenna

Some earlier records unreliable due to possibility of confusion with S. micranthum
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Ravenna, P.
et al. (1979), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1268. Sisyrinchium micranthum Cav.

Syn.: Bermudiana bermudiana var. micrantha (Cav.) Kuntze
1269. Sisyrinchium palmifolium ssp. palmifolium

Author and original publication data unknown. Syn.: Sisyrinchium macrocephalum Graham, fide Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). In Stewart (1911) as Iris sp.
Origin: No Data.
1270. Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp.) H. Rob.

Syn.: Polymnia sonchifolia Poepp.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999).
1271. Solandra grandiflora Sw.

Syn.: Swartzia grandiflora J.F. Gmel.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1272. Solandra maxima (Sessé & Moc.) P.S. Green
References: McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1273. Solanum americanum Mill.

Syn.: Solanum nodiflorum Jacq., S. nigrum L., S. nigrum var. minor fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew &
Santiago, Wolf.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Blake, S. et al. (2011), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Flores, E.
et al. (1985), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al.
(1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield,
E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.),
1274. Solanum betaceum Cav.

Syn.: Cyphomandra betacea.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Reck, G. et al. (1986), Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1275. Solanum capsicoides All.

Syn.: Solanum ciliatum Lam.
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Nee, M. et al. (1986),
Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Zuloaga, F.O. et al. (2008).
1276. Solanum cheesmaniae (Riley) Fosberg

Syn.: Lycopersicon cheesmaniae Riley, L. cheesmaniae var. minor (Hook. f.) Porter, L. esculentum var. minor
Hook. f., L. peruvianum var. parviflorum Hook. f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010). In Hooker (1847) as Lycopersicon peruanum var. aparviflorum, Stewart (1911) as
Lycopersicum exculentum var. minor. This species, as reported by Wiggins & Porter (1971), most likely also
refers to Lycopersicum esculentum sensu Andersson (1855).
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Darwin, S. et al. (2003), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Fosberg, F. R.
et al. (1987), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Porter, D.M. et al.
(1978), Rick, C.M. et al. (1956), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Weeks, A. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1277. Solanum cheesmaniae f. "Academy Bay" S.C. Darwin, Knapp & Peralta
1278. Solanum cheesmaniae f. cheesmaniae (Riley) Fosberg

Syn.: Lycopersicon cheesmanii, S. c. cheesmaniae. Possibly hybridizing with S. lycopersicum on inhabited
islands.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé.
References: Darwin, S. et al. (2003), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987),
1279. Solanum cheesmanie f. minor S.C. Darwin & Peralta

Syn.: Lycopersicon cheesmanii, S. cheesmaniae minor. S. galapagense
Galapagos Distribution: Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Darwin, S. et al. (2003), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et
al. (1971).
1280. Solanum edmonstonei Hook. f.

Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971).
1281. Solanum erianthum D. Don

Syn.: Solanum adulterinum Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. In Hooker (1847), Robinson (1902), Stewart (1911), and
Svenson (1935) as Solanum verbascifolium.
References: De Vries, T. et al. (1987), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Hendrix, L.B. et al. (1986), Hooker, J.D.
et al. (1847), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Robinson,
B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971).
1282. Solanum galapagense S.C. Darwin & Peralta

Unresolved nomenclature as of 17-Jun-2011 fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010).
Galapagos Distribution: Darwin, Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal,
References: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Valencia, R. et al. (2000).
1283. Solanum lycopersicum L.

Syn.: Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Unresolved nomenclature as of 08-Aug-2011 fide Royal Botanic
References: Blake, S. et al. (2011), Darwin, S. et al. (2003), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Heleno, R. et al.
(2011), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2005), Reck, G. et al. (1986), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
1284. Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme (Dunal) D.M. Spooner, G.J. Anderson & R.K. Jansen
Syn.: Solanum pimpinellifolium L.; in Tropicos 2010 as Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (L.) Mill.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Darwin, S. et al. (2003), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Macbride, J.F. et al. (1962), Nuez et al. et al. (2004), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1285. Solanum melongena L.

Syn.: Solanum esculentum Dunal
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Macbride, J.F. et al. (1962), Reck, G. et al. (1986), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
1286. Solanum muricatum Aiton

Syn.: Solanum wallisii Carrière
1287. Solanum pimpinellifolium L.

Syn.: Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (L.) Mill. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010). In Andersson (1855), Robinson (1902) and Stewart (1911) as Lycopersicum pimpinellifolium.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Hooker, J.D.
et al. (1847), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Macbride, J.F. et al. (1962), Rick, C.M. et al. (1956), Robinson,
(2009).
1288. Solanum quitoense Lam.

Syn.: Solanum angulatum Ruiz & Pav. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010)
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(2005), Macbride, J.F. et al. (1962), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et
1289. Solanum tuberosum L.

Syn.: Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Chavez, J. et al. (1993),
Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Luteyn, J.L. et al. (1999), Reck, G. et al. (1986), Robinson, B.L. et al.
(1902), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wolf, T. et al. (1879).
1290. Solanum wendlandii Hook. f.

Syn.: Solanum unguis-cati Standl.
References: Gentry, J.L. et al. (1974), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Nee, M. et al. (1986), Stevens, W.D. et al.
1291. Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd
Syn.: Coleus blumei, Jørgensen & León-Yánez (1999) as Ocimum scutellarioides L.
References: D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Harley, R.M. et al.
1292. Soliva anthemifolia (Juss.) Sweet

Syn.: Gymnostyles anthemifolia Juss. and Soliva anthemifolia (Juss.) R. Br. ex Less.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal, Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org.
et al. (2009).
1293. Sonchus oleraceus L.

Syn.: Sonchus ciliatus Lam.
References: Castro, S. A. et al. (2010), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et
al. (2010), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hendrix, L.B. et al. (1986), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et
al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Quintana, M.C.
1294. Sorghum arundinaceum (Desv.) Stapf

Syn.: Rhaphis arundinacea Desv.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Filgueiras, T.S. et al. (2003), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M.
et al. (1999), Tovar, Ó. et al. (1993), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1295. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.

1296. Spartium junceum L.

References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Foster, R.C. et al. (1958), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Jørgensen,
P.M. et al. (1994), Standley, P.C. et al. (1946), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Zuloaga, F.O. et al. (2008).
1297. Spathiphyllum wallisii Regel

1298. Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv.

Syn.: Bignonia tulipifera Thonn.
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Prado Erazo, G.E. et al. (1986), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1299. Spermacoce confusa Rendle ex Gillis

In various Galapagos literature, including Hooker (1847), Andersson (1855), Robinson (1902) and Stewart
(1911), as Spermacoce tenuior.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Lawesson, J.E.
et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
1300. Spermacoce dispersa (Hook.f.) Kuntze

Syn.: Borreria dispersa Hook.f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862),
Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999),
Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A.
1301. Spermacoce linearifolia (Hook.f.) Kuntze

Syn.: Borreria linearifolia Hook.f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Fosberg, F. R. et
al. (1987), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Robinson,
B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
1302. Spermacoce perpusilla (Hook.f.) Kuntze

Syn.: Borreria perpusilla Hook.f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Fosberg, F. R.
et al. (1987), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter,
D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Valencia, R. et al.
(2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1303. Spermacoce remota Lam.

Syn.: Borreria remota (Lam.) Bacigalupo & E.L.Cabral. Borreria assurgens (Ruiz & Pav.) Griseb., sensu
Charlotte Taylor (pers. comm., 2009); Borreria laevis (Lam.) Griseb. (misused). Syn.:Spermacoce assurgens
References: Bacigalupo, N. et al. (1999), Bruza, J. et al. (1982), Cabral, E.L. et al. (1999), Fosberg, F. R. et
al. (1987), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1976), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1304. Spermacoce rotundifolia (Andersson) Fosberg

Syn.: Borreria rotundifolia Andersson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Jørgensen,
P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
(2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1305. Spermacoce suberecta (Hook. f.) Kuntze

Syn.: Borreria suberecta Hook. f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Hooker, J.D.
et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1306. Spinacia oleracea L.
Syn.: Atriplex griffithii ssp. stocksii (Boiss.) Boulos
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Reck, G. et al. (1986), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
1307. Spondias mombin L.

Syn.: Spondias venulosa (Engl.) Engl.
1308. Spondias purpurea L.

Syn.: Spondias mombin L.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Heleno, R. et al.
(2011), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Porter, D.M. et
al. (1983), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1973), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971), Wolf, T. et al.
(1879).
1309. Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br.

Davidse, G. et al. (1994), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), McVaugh, R. et al. (1983), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Robinson, B.L. et al.
1310. Sporobolus pyramidatus (Lam.) Hitchc.

Syn.: Agrostis pyramidata Lam.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1951), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Pohl, R.W. et al. (1980), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971), Zuloaga, F.O. et al.
(2003).
1311. Sporobolus tenuissimus pasto (Schrank) Kuntze
Syn.: Panicum tenuissimum Mart. ex Schrank
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Espejo Serna, A. et al. (2000), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Judziewicz, E. J. et al. (1990), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Laegaard, S. et al. (2001), Peterson, P.M.
1312. Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth

Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz,
Santiago.
Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Gerecke, R. et al. (1995), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Peterson, P.M. et al. (2001), Reeder, J.R. et al. (1971), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902),
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935),
1313. Stachys agraria Cham. & Schltdl.

Syn.: Stachys confusa Briq.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Harley, R.M. et al. (2012), Jäger, H. et al.
1314. Stachys arvensis L.

References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Harley, R.M. et al.
(2012), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1315. Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl

Syn.: Stachytarpheta dichotoma Vahl fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Blake, S. et al. (2011), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), D'Arcy, W.G. et
al. (1987), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et
1316. Stanhopea jenischiana Kramer ex Rchb. f.
Syn.: Epidendrum grandiflorum Bonpl.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Dodson, C.H. et al. (1985), Dodson, C.H. et al. (1980), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999).
1317. Stanhopea tricornis Lindl.

Syn.: Stanhopea convoluta Rolfe; Dodson (1975) and Dodson & Dodson (1980) as Stanhopea langlasseana
Cogn.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Dodson, C.H. et al. (1975), Schweinfurth, C. et al. (1958), Tropicos.org.
et al. (2009).
1318. Stapelia gigantea N.E. Br.

Syn.: Stapelia cyclista C.A. Lückh.
1319. Stellaria media (L.) Vill.

Syn.: Alsine media L.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et
al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1320. Stemodia verticillata (Mill.) Hassl.

Syn.: Capraria humilis Sol.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Holmgren, N.H. et al. (1984), Jørgensen, P.M.
et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der
1321. Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze

Syn.: Ischaemum secundatum Walter fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
In Robinsion (1902) as Stenotaphrum glabrum Trin. fide Wiggins & Porter (1971)
References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Reeder, J.R. et al. (1971), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971), Zuloaga,
F.O. et al. (2003).
1322. Stictocardia tiliifolia (Desr.) Hallier f.

Syn.: Argyreia tiliifolia (Desr.) Wight, Ipomoea campanulata L., Stictocardia campanulata (L.) Merr. In
Stewart (1911) as Argyreia tiliaefolia, Christophersen (1932) as Stictocardia tiliaefolia.
References: Austin, D.F. et al. (1982), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Flores, E. et
al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L.
et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935),
1323. Strelitzia reginae Aiton

1324. Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Börner

Syn.: Potamogeton pectinatus L., P. columbianus Suksd. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri
Wiegleb, G. et al. (1998).
1325. Stylosanthes sympodiales Taub.

Syn.: Stylosanthes psammophila Harms. In Robinson (1902), Stewart (1911), and Christophersen (1932) as
Stylosanthes scabra. Wiggins & Porter (1971) report: "According to R. H. Mohlenbrock (1957, 317), the
collections of Stylosanthes from the Galápagos Islands are all referable to S. sympodialis. In previous
treatments such matrerial was cited as S. scavra Vog., a more suffrutescent and viscid species, known only
from the mainland, especially Brazil".
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal,
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Grant, P.R. et al.
(1980), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Mohlenbrock, R.H. et al. (1958), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al.
1326. Swietenia macrophylla King

Syn.: Swietenia belizensis Lundell
(1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Pennington, T.D. et al. (1981), Prado Erazo, G.E. et al. (1986), Prado, L. et
1327. Swietenia mahagoni Jacq.

Syn.: Cedrela mahagoni L.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Foster, R.C. et al. (1958), Guézou, A. et al. (2010),
Pennington, T.D. et al. (1981), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1328. Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn.

Syn.: Verbesina nodiflora L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Blake, S. et al. (2011), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), CONABIO et al. (2009), Funk, V.T. et al.
(2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999),
(1987), Nash, D.L. et al. (1976), Nash, D.L. et al. (1976), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983),
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.),
1329. Syngonium podophyllum Schott

Syn.: Arum auritum Vell.
References: Croat, T.B. et al. (1981 [1982]), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1330. Syngonium wendlandii Schott

References: Croat, T.B. et al. (1981 [1982]), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1331. Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
Syn.: Eugenia jambos L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Gardener, M. et al. (2010), Gardener, M. R. et
al. (1999), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lundh, J.P. et al.
(1995), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Prado Erazo, G.E. et al. (1986), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tapia, W. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1332. Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry

Syn.: Eugenia malaccensis L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hunziker et al. (s.a.), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995),
McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971).
1333. Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC.

Syn.: Tecoma rosea Bertol.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Gentry, A.H. et al. (1977), Gentry, A.H. et al. (1982), Gentry, A.H. et
al. (1992), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1334. Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult.

Syn.: Plumeria acuminata W.T. Aiton
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Woodson, Jr., R.E. et al. (1938 [1937]).
1335. Tagetes erecta L.

References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et
al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
1336. Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn.

Syn.: Claytonia paniculata (Jacq.) Kuntze
References: Burger, W. et al. (1995), CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Quintana, C. et al. (2016), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1337. Tamarindus indica L.

Syn.: Tamarindus occidentalis Gaertn.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Howard, R.A. et al. (1988), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Schery, R.W. et
al. (1951).
1338. Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip.

Syn.: Matricaria parthenium L.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Jørgensen, P.M. et
1339. Taraxacum officinale Weber

Syn.: Leontodon taraxacum L.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Nash, D.L. et al. (1976), Nash, D.L. et al. (1976), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1340. Tectona grandis L. f.

Syn.: Tectona theka Lour.
References: Alcivar, W. et al. (1983), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Cifuentes, M. et al. (19887), D'Arcy, W.G. et
al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Prado Erazo,
G.E. et al. (1986), Prado, L. et al. (1995), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1341. Tephrosia cinerea var. villosior Benth.

Syn: Tephrosia decumbens Benth.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé,
Santiago.
References: Itow, S. et al. (1997), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
1342. Terminalia catappa L.

Syn.: Badamia commersonii Gaertn.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Prado Erazo, G.E. et al. (1986), Schatz, G.E.
et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1343. Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) Kuntze

Syn.: Demidovia tetragonoides Pall.
1344. Tetramerium nervosum Nees

Syn.: Tetramerium hispidum Nees fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(s.a.), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
1345. Teucrium vesicarium Mill.

Syn.: Teucrium inflatum Sw. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). In Itow
(1997) as Teucrium versicarium.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Harley, R.M. et
al. (2012), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), McClintock, E. et
al. (1946), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Standley, P.C. et al.
(1946), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H.
et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1346. Thelypteris kunthii (Desv.) Morton

Origin: No Data.
References: Itow, S. et al. (1997), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1347. Theobroma cacao L.

Syn.: Theobroma sphaerocarpum A. Chev.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Cuatrecasas, J. et al. (1964), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Flores, E. et al.
(1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Linares, J.L. et
al. (2005), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001).
1348. Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.

Syn.: Cerbera peruviana Pers.
1349. Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims

Syn.: Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb.
1350. Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T. Anderson

Syn.: Meyenia erecta Benth.
1351. Thunbergia fragrans Roxb.

Syn.: Thunbergia convolvulifolia Baker
1352. Thymus vulgaris L.

References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Gibbs, G.E. et al. (1987), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Jørgensen,
P.M. et al. (1994), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Standley, P.C. et al. (1946), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1353. Tibouchina heteromalla Cogn.

Syn.: Melastoma heteromallum D. Don
References: Almeda, F. et al. (2007), Davidse, G. et al. (2009), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1354. Tillandsia cf. pretiosa Mez

1355. Tillandsia cyanea Linden ex K. Koch

Syn.: Phytarrhiza lindenii var. genuina E. Morren
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Smith, L.B. et al. (1979), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1356. Tillandsia insularis Mez

Syn.: Racinaea insularis (Mez) M.A.Spencer & L.B.Sm, Tillandsia insularis var. latilamina Gilmartin, fide
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Gerecke, R. et al. (1995), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al.
Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935).
1357. Tiquilia darwinii (Hook. f.) A.T. Richardson

Syn.: Galapagoa darwinii Hook. f., Coldenia fusca. Most published records refer actually to T. fusca (see
Porter 1977), so need verification. Wiggins & Porter (1971) have the two spp reversed, while Lawesson et al.
combine them.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al. (1977), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al.
1358. Tiquilia fusca (Hook. f.) A.T. Richardson
Syn.: Coldenia darwinii, Galapagoa fusca Hook. f., Tiquilia galapagoa. Most published records refer actually
to T. darwinii, Porter (1977), so need verification. Wiggins & Porter (1971) have the two spp reversed, while
Lawesson et al. combine fusca with galapagoa.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter,
D.M. et al. (1977), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971).
1359. Tiquilia galapagoa (Howell) A.T. Richardson

Syn.: Coldenia galapagoa. Lawesson (1987) may have included T. fusca in T. galapagoa.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Howell, J.T. et al. (1937), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K.
et al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al. (1977), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Wiggins, I.L. et
al. (1971).
1360. Tiquilia nesiotica (Howell) A.T. Richardson

Syn.: Coldenia conspicua J. T. Howell and Coldenia nesiotica J.T. Howell
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Brako, L. et al. (1993), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
1361. Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray

Syn.: Mirasolia diversifolia Hemsl.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Nash, D.L. et al. (1976), Nash, D.L. et al.
1362. Tournefortia psilostachya Kunth

Syn.: Tournefortia difformis Andersson, T. strigosa Andersson, fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
Botanical Garden (2010). In Hooker (1874) as Tournefortia psilostachys.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago,
Wolf.
Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Guerrero, A. et al.
(2009), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998),
Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Mauchamp, A. et al. (1995), McMullen, C.K. et al.
Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
1363. Tournefortia pubescens Hook. f.

Syn.: Tournefortia opaca Andersson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Wolf.
Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), De Vries, T. et al. (1987), Fosberg, F. R. et al.
(1987), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
(s.a.), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925), Robinson, B.L. et
al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935),
(1971).
1364. Tournefortia rufo-sericea Hook. f.

Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Heleno, R. et al.
(2011), Hendrix, L.B. et al. (1986), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
Jäger, H. et al. (2007), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987),
McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (2010), McMullen, C.K. et al. (2007), McMullen, C.K.
et al. (2011), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Robinson, B.L.
et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935),
(1971).
1365. Tradescantia fluminensis Vell.

Syn.: Tradescantia albiflora Kunth
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Blake, S. et al. (2011), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010),
Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), McCluggage, T. et al. (1998), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Zuloaga, F.O. et al.
(2008).
1366. Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D.R. Hunt

Syn.: Setcreasea pallida Rose; ORSTOM (1988) as Tradescantia purpurea Boom.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hunt, D.R. et al. (1994), Hunt, D.R. et al.
(1993), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1367. Tradescantia sp. 1

References: Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010).
1368. Tradescantia sp. 2

1369. Tradescantia spathacea Sw.

Syn.: Rhoeo discolor.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1370. Tradescantia zebrina hort. ex Bosse

Syn.: Zebrina pendula
1371. Trema micrantha (L.) Blume

Syn.: Celtis canescens Kunth
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al.
(1983), Prado Erazo, G.E. et al. (1986), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1973), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der
Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1978), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1372. Trianthema portulacastrum L.

Syn.: Trianthema monogyna L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz,
References: Eliasson, U. et al. (1966), Eliasson, U.H. et al. (1996), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Heleno, R. et
al. (2011), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), McMullen, C.K. et al.
1373. Tribulus cistoides L.

Syn.: Tribulus cistoides var. anacantus Robinson, T. sericeus Andersson, T. sericeus var. erectus Andersson,
T. serecius var. humifusus Andersson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Darwin, Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal,
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Christophersen, E. et al.
(1932), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997),
Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al.
(1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Stewart, A. et
al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1374. Tribulus terrestris L.

Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz,
Santiago.
Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Royal
1375. Trichoneura lindleyana var. albemarlensis Reeder

Syn.: Leptochloa lindleyana Kunth
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz,
Santiago.
References: Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Reeder, J.R. et al. (1970), Royal
1376. Trichoneura lindleyana var. lindleyana (Kunth) Ekman

Syn.: Leptochloa lindleyana Kunth, Trichoneura hookeri Andersson, fide Wiggins & Porter (1971)
References: Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971).
1377. Tridax procumbens L.

Syn.: Tridax venezuelensis Aristeg. & Cuatrec.
References: Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1977).
1378. Trifolium cf. repens L.

References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010).
1379. Triplaris cumingiana Fisch. & C.A. Mey. ex C.A. Mey.

Syn.: Triplaris guayaquilensis Wedd. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Brandbyge, J. et al. (1986), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Nowak, J.B. et
al. (1987), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1380. Trisetum howellii Hitchc.

Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1935), Valencia, R. et al. (2000), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.),
1381. Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq.
Syn.: Triumfetta rubricaulis Kunth
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hamann, O. et al. (1979), Hokche, O. et al.
(2008), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Porter, D.M. et al.
(1983), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et
1382. Tropaeolum majus L.

Syn.: Tropaeolum elatum Salisb.
References: Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E.
et al. (1987), Sparre, B. et al. (1991), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1383. Tropidia polystachya (Sw.) Ames

Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz.
References: Ames, O. et al. (1952), CONABIO et al. (2009), Dodson, C.H. et al. (1980), Itow, S. et al.
(1997), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001),
1384. Turnera subulata Sm.

Syn.: Turnera ulmifolia var. elegans (Otto ex Nees) Urb.
References: Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1385. Turnera ulmifolia L.

References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Guézou, A. et al. (2010),
Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), McMullen, C.K. et al. (2011), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al.
1386. Uniola pittieri Hack.

In Stewart (1911) as Ammophila arenaria, fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), CONABIO et al. (2009), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Laegaard, S. et
al. (2001), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Swallen, J.R. et al. (1955), Wiggins, I.L. et al.
(1971).
1387. Urena lobata L.

Syn.: Urena americana L. f.
References: Fryxell, P. et al. (1979), Fryxell, P.A. et al. (1992), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jaramillo, P. et al.
(1999), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1999), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1388. Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich. ex Wedd.

Syn.: Urtica baccifera L.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Monro,
A.K. et al. (2001), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1389. Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Gaudich. ex. Griseb.

Syn.: Urera acuminata Miq., U. alceifolia Gaudich. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010). In Stewart (1911) as U. alceaefolia.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1999), Monro, A.K. et al. (2001), Monro, A.K. et al. (2009), Porter, D.M. et al.
1390. Urtica urens L.

Syn.: Urtica trianae Rusby
1391. Utricularia foliosa L.

Syn.: Utricularia guianensis Splitg. ex De Vries
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Hokche, O. et al. (2008), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Taylor, P. et al. (1989), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1392. Vallesia glabra var. glabra (Cav.) Link

Syn.: Vallesia cymbifolia Ortega, V. dichotoma Ruiz & Pav. fide Wiggins & Porter (1971)
References: Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Robinson,
B.L. et al. (1902), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1393. Vallesia glabra var. pubescens (Andersson) Wiggins

According to Wiggins & Porter (1971), Vallesia pubescens is a synonym of V. glabra var. pubescens
(Anderss.) Wiggins. However, according to Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010) V. glabra var. pubescens is a synonym of V. pubescens.
Galapagos Distribution: Darwin, Española, Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Itow, S. et al. (1997), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1394. Vallesia pubescens Andersson

According to Wiggins & Porter (1971), Vallesia pubescens is a synonym for V. glabra var. pubescens
(Anderss.) Wiggins. However, according to Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010) V. glabra var. pubescens is considered a synonym of V. pubescens.
Origin: No Data.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Riley, L.A.M. et al. (1925),
H.K. et al. (1935), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1395. Varronia canescens Andersson

Stutzman et al. 2012: Syn.: Cordia andersonii (Kuntze) Gürke
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stutzman, J. et al. (2012),
1396. Varronia leucophlyctis (Hook. f.) Andersson

Syn.: Cordia leucophlyctis Hook.f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). In
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010) as Varronia leucophyctis. Stutzman et al.
2012:Syn.: Cordia leucophlyctis Hook.f.
Fé, Santiago.
Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stutzman, J. et al. (2012), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1397. Varronia revoluta (Hook. f.) Andersson

Syn.: Cordia revoluta Hook.f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
Stutzman et al. 2012: Syn.: Cordia revoluta Hook.f.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Santiago.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998),
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stutzman, J. et al. (2012), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1398. Varronia scouleri (Hook.f.) Andersson

Stutzman et al. 2012: Syn.: Cordia scouleri Hook.f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010)
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1861-1862), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998),
Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stutzman, J. et al. (2012), Wiggins, I.L.
et al. (1971).
1399. Veitchia merrillii (Becc.) H.E. Moore

Syn.: Normanbya merrillii Becc.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009).
1400. Verbena brasiliensis Vell.

Syn.: Verbena approximata Briq.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Macbride, J.F.
1401. Verbena galapagosensis Moldenke

Included in Verbena litoralis by Stewart (1911).
References: Moldenke, H.N. et al. (1968), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al.
(1911), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1402. Verbena glabrata Kunth

Syn.: Verbena glabrata var. tenuispicata Moldenke fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010). In Hooker (1847), Andersson (1855), Robinson (1902) and Stewart (1911) as Verbena
officinalis L. Included in V. litoralis by Stewart (1911).
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Moldenke, H.N. et
Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1977), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1403. Verbena grisea Rob. & Greenm.

References: Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Moldenke, H.N. et al. (1968), Robinson,
1404. Verbena litoralis Kunth

In Andersson (1855) as Verbena littoralis.
Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847),
Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987),
Moldenke, H.N. et al. (1968), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Quintana, M.C. et al. (2010), Robinson, B.L. et al.
(1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Sequeira, A.S. et al. (2000),
1405. Verbena sedula var. darwinii Moldenke

In Hooker (1847) as Verbena polystachya Kunth, Andersson (1855) as Verbena caroliniana L., Robinson
(1902) and Stewart (1911) as Verbena carolina L. May be part of a very variable V. litoralis. Known only
from Type and no specimens available that match its description.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Moldenke, H.N. et al. (1968), Robinson,
B.L. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1406. Verbena sedula var. fournieri Moldenke

References: Itow, S. et al. (1997), Moldenke, H.N. et al. (1969), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1407. Verbena sedula var. sedula Moldenke

Known only from Type, and may be part of a very variable V. litoralis.
References: Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1408. Verbena stewartii Moldenke

References: Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Moldenke, H.N. et al. (1941), Moldenke, H.N. et al. (1968), Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1977), Wiggins,
I.L. et al. (1971).
1409. Verbena townsendii Svenss.

In van der Werff (1977) as Verbena glabrata var. tenuispicata Moldenke; Jørgensen & León-Yánez (1999)
Verbena stewartii Moldenke.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz.
References: Hendrix, L.B. et al. (1986), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Moldenke,
H.N. et al. (1955), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1978), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1977), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1410. Veronica montana L.

References: Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987),
1411. Veronica persica Poir.
Syn.: Veronica meskhetica Kem. Nath. and Veronica precox Raf., The Plant List (2010) as Veronica
buxbaumii Ten.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1412. Vicia faba L.

Syn.: Faba vulgaris Moench
References: Allkin, R. et al. (1986), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991),
CONABIO et al. (2009), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Gunn, C.R. et al. (1979).
1413. Vigna adenantha (Mey) Maréchal, Mascherpa & Stainier

Syn.: Phaseolus adenanthus Mey, fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
References: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009),
1414. Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth.

Syn.: Vigna repens (L.) Kuntze
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Funk, V.T. et
al. (2007), Itow, S. et al. (1987), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jäger, H. et al. (2007), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999),
Macbride, J.F. et al. (1943), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Nowak, J.B. et al.
(1985), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911),
1415. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.

Syn.: Dolichos unguiculatus L.
References: Dwyer, J. D. et al. (1981), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Macbride, J.F. et al. (1943), Standley, P.C. et al. (1946), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001).
1416. Viola odorata L.
Syn.: Viola hirta L.
References: Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Zuloaga, F.O. et al.
(2008).
1417. Vitis vinifera L.

References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jaramillo, P. et al. (2005), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
1418. Waltheria ovata Cav.

Syn.: Waltheria ovata f. intermedia, W. ovata f. reticulata, Walltheria reticulata, W. reticulata f. acamata, W.
reticulata f. anderssonii, W reticulata f. intermedia, fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010). In Christophersen (1932) as Walteria reticulata.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Christophersen,
E. et al. (1932), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Grant, P.R. et al. (1987), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hooker, J.D. et
al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), McMullen, C.K. et
al. (1999), McMullen, C.K. et al. (2011), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
(2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Schönitzer, K. et al. (1975), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et
1419. Washingtonia robusta H. Wendl.

Syn.: Neowashingtonia robusta (H. Wendl.) A. Heller
1420. Xanthosoma robustum Schott.

Syn.: Xanthosoma roseum Schott
1421. Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott
Syn.: Xanthosoma violaceum
(2010), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1422. Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl.

References: Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
1423. Xylosma flexuosa (Kunth) Hemsl.

Syn.: Flacourtia flexuosa Kunth
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Pool, A. et al.
(2001), Standley, P.C. et al. (1946), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1424. Yucca aloifolia L.

Syn.: Yucca aloifolia var. yucatana (Engelm.) Trel.
1425. Yucca gigantea Lem.

Syn.: Yucca guatemalensis Baker, Y. elephantipes Regel ex Trel. [Illegitimate] fide Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
(1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010).
1426. Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng.

Syn.: Calla aethiopica L.
1427. Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg.
Syn.: Fagara lentiscifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., F. pterota L., Zanthoxylum lentiscifolium (Humb. &
Bonpl. ex Willd.) Andersson, Z. pterota (L.) Kunth fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010). In Hooker (1847) as Xanthoxylum pterota.
Santiago.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Atkinson, I. A. E. et al. (1987), Atkinson, R. et al. (2009), Blair, C.
et al. (1985), Blake, S. et al. (2011), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), De Vries, T. et
al. (1987), Fosberg, F. R. et al. (1987), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Heleno, R. et al. (2011), Hendrix, L.B. et al.
(1986), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Itow, S. et al. (1987), Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998),
Jaramillo, P. et al. (2000), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), McMullen, C.K. et al.
(1999), Nowak, J.B. et al. (1987), Quintana, C. et al. (2016), Restrepo, A. et al. (2011), Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1971), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al.
1428. Zea mays L.

Syn.: Mays americana Baumg.
References: Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hitchcock, A.S. et al. (1951), Lawesson, J.E. et
al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Reck, G. et al. (1986), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
1429. Zephyranthes rosea var. candida Lindl.

1430. Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Syn.: Amomum zingiber L.
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Clavijo, P. et al. (1991), CONABIO et al. (2009), Guézou, A. et al. (2010),
Vásquez. M.R. et al. (2003).
1431. Zinnia peruviana (L.) L.

Syn.: Chrysogonum peruvianum L.
References: Adsersen, H. et al. (s.a.), Adsersen, H. et al. (1989), Flores, E. et al. (1985), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Nash, D.L. et al. (1976), Nash, D.L. et al.
1432. Zornia curvata Mohlenbr.

Syn.: Zornia diphylla f. diversifolia Chodat & Hassl.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Funk, V.T. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Lawesson, J.E. et al.
(1987), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Wiggins, I.L. et
1433. Zornia piurensis Mohlenbr.

References: Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (s.a.), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Porter,
D.M. et al. (1983), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1434. Zoysia matrella var. pacifica Goudwaard

Syn.: Zoysia tenuifolia. Originally misidentified in Galapagos as Cynodon dactylon. In the Catalogue (ref 84)
misidentified as Z. tenuifolia (S. Laegaard pers. comm.).
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Laegaard, S. et al. (2004), Tropicos.org.
et al. (2009).
1435. } wilkesiana Müll. Arg.

Syn.: Acalypha marginata (Mill.) J.J.Sm. [Illegitimate] fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010)
References: Burger, W. et al. (1995), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al.
Rejected taxa
1. Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.

Not cited in Wiggins & Porter (1971) except to say that many specimens of A. insulae-iacobi had been
misidentified as A. farnesiana.
2. Acacia tortuosa (L.) Willd.

Possible misidentification of Acacia insulae-iacobi Riley. Not included from Wiggins & Porter's Flora of the
Galapagos. See Wiggins & Porter (1971), p. 644.
3. Adiantum tetraphyllum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.

Previous inclusion on Galápagos species checklists probably due to Edmonston´s confused data, fide Svenson
(1938, p. 304). Reported by Moore from the Galápagos Islands, collected by Wood. Not known otherwise
from the Galápagos Islands, fide Wiggins & Porter (1971). Syn.: Adiantum prionophyllum fide Royal Botanic
4. Agave fourcroydes Lem.

Syn.: Agave sullivanii Trel., A. rigida var. elongata Baker
5. Agrostis sp. 1
Misidentification. Based on single specimen of Sporobolus pyramidatus (CDS 9198).
6. Allium ampeloprasum L.
Syn.: Allium porrum L. The references are almost certainly based on observations of A. porrum (puerro, leek)
and on specimen CDS 12323, P.S. Bentley 448, which is a cebolla paiteña (purple onion), A. cepa.
7. Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) Sm.
8. Alternanthera filifolia ssp. sylvatica J.T.Howell
9. Amaranthus celosioides Kunth

Robinson (1902) reports: "A very doubtful species in need of further study. I have seen none of the specimens
upon which the records of its occurrence in the Galapagos Islands rests." Not mentioned by Wiggins & Porter
(1971)
10. Amaranthus urceolatus Benth.

Erroneously reported by Robinson (1902) and Stewart (1911); misidentification of Amaranthus anderssonii
Howell. Both reports were taken from the same Andersson specimen, which had been identified as Scleropus
urcolatus. Robinson mistakenly considered S. urcolatus as a synonym of A. urceolatus, though it is actually a
synonym of A. anderssonii.
11. Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link

Erroneously reported by Stewart (1911); likely misidentification of Uniola pittieri Hack, fide Wiggins &
Porter (1971).
12. Astragalus edmonstonei (Hook. f.) Robins.

According to Wiggins & Porter (1971, p. 642): "Hooker cited two collections: 'Hab. Galapagos, Adm. Du
Petit Thouars. Charles Island, T. Edmonstone Esq.' According to Johnston, the Edmonstone collection was
made in Chile and that of Du Petit Thouars probably in California.... There can be little doubt that
[Edmonstone] collected material of the Astragalus near Valaparaiso... The species is not a plant of the
Galápagos Islands".
13. Avicennia officinalis L.

Erroneously reported by Robinson (1902) and Stewart (1911); misidentification of Avicennia germinans (L.)
L., fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
14. Baccharis pilularis DC.
Based on an Edmonstone specimen from Floreana. Robinson (1902) included it in his checklist with doubts,
and Wiggins & Porter excluded it from their checklist, instead suspecting that it was a misidentification of B.
steetzii Andersson.
15. Baccharis pingraea var. angustissima DC.

Likely misidentification of Baccharis gnidiifolia Kunth Wiggins & Porter (1971) mention that B. gnidiifolia is
often mistaken for the mainland species B. pingraea.
16. Bauhinia aculeata L.

Syn.: Bauhinia grandiflora A. Juss. Probably misidentified. Based on Lawesson (1985), and possibly the
unidentified Bauhinia specimen CDS 5001.
17. Blainvillea tenuicaulis Benth. & Hook. f.

Likely misidentification. Stewart reports: "Identity doubtful according to Rob. l. c.".
18. Boerhavia decumbens L.

Erroneously reported by Hooker (1847); misidentification of Boerhavia erecta L., fide Wiggins & Porter
(1971).
19. Boerhavia diffusa L.

Erroneously reported by Andersson (1855); misidentification of Boerhavia caribaea Jacq. (=Boerhavia
cocicinea), fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
20. Boerhavia paniculata Rich.

Erroneously reported in Galapagos literature, including Andersson (1855), Robinson (1902) and Stewart
(1911); misidentification of Boerhavia erecta L., fide Wiggins & Porter (1971). Acc. name of B. paniculata:
Boerhavia diffusa L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
21. Boerhavia scandens L.

Erroneously reported in literature, including Hooker (1847), Andersson (1855), Stewart (1911),
Chrisotphersen (1932), Svenson (1938); misidentification of Commicarpus tuberosus (Lam.) Standl., fide
22. Boussingaultia baselloides Kunth

Erroneously reported in Galapagos literature, including Hooker (1847), Andersson (1855), Robinson (1902)
and Stewart (1911); misidentification of Anredera ramosa (Moq.) Eliass., fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
23. Brassica sinapistrum Boiss.

According to Wiggins & Porter (1971, p. 563) "A second species, commonly referred to as Brassica was
reported by Andersson under the name Sinapis arvensis L. (=Brassica sinapistrum). We have not seen
specimens of this species from the Galápagos Islands, and it seems possible that the material is referable to B.
campestris. There is no reason why a second weedy species should not be on the islandsd, but it should have
been re-colelcted by now if it is actually growing there." Acc. name: Sinapis arvensis L. fide Royal Botanic
24. Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav.

Syn.: Capsicum violaceum Kunth.
25. Cenchrus distichophyllus Griseb.
In Wiggins & Porter (1971): "Reported by Robinson (1902) on the basis of a sterile specimen... and by
Stewart on the basis of two collections of sterile material.... We have examined the leaf anatomy of this
material, and find that these three collections are all Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth".
26. Chloris pycnothrix Trin.

Syn.: Chloris beyrichiana Kunth. Probably misidentified C. inflata and C. radiata. Only published record
seems to be in Porter (1983) who refers to a first record in 1932. The reference in Lawesson et al. 1987 is
based on Porter's paper.
27. Chusquea sp.

According to Wiggins & Porter (1971, p. 899): "Reported by Robinson on the basis of a Snodgrass & Heller
collection...consisting only of dry, leafless culms. Robinson (1902) states 'recognizable from the peculiar
mode of branching.' Stewart examined the material later and suggested it was probably Pennisetum exaltatum
(Anderss.) Hook.f. & Jacks (0P pauperum Nees ex Steud. Stewart is correct. The leafless culms of the
specimen are very like those on some flowering specimens of P. pauperum".
28. Commelina nudiflora L.

Erroneously reported by Svenson (1938) and Burm.f. (s.d.) as Commelina nodiflora (=Murdannia nudiflora);
misidentification of Commelina diffusa Burm.f., fide Wiggins & Porter (1971)
29. Cordia dasycephala (Desv.) Kunth

Likely misidentification. Cited by Andersson (1855). However, neither this name nor the currently accepted
name for this taxon (Cordia bullata var. globosa (Jacq.) Govaerts fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew &
Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)) is listed in any other Galapagos literature.
30. Cuphea patula A.St.-Hil.

Erroneously reported by Caruel (1889), Robinson (1902), and Stewart (1911); misidentification of Cuphea
carthagenesis (Jacq.) Macbr., fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
31. Cyperus mutisii (Kunth) Andersson

Erroneously reported by Robinson (1902); misidentification of Cyperus anderssonii Boeck., fide Wiggins &
Porter (1971). Wiggins & Porter puts Cyperus mutisii in synonymy with C. anderssonii, excluding the
basionym (see p. 798).
32. Cyperus piceus Liebm.

Erroneously reported by Eliasson (1965); misidentification of Pycreus bipartitus (Torr.) C.B.Clarke
(=Cyperus rivularis subsp. lagunetto (Steud.) Kük.), fide Wiggins & Porter (1971). Acc. name: Pycreus
flavescens subsp. flavescens fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
33. Cyperus strigosus L.

Erroneously reported by Hooker (1847), Andersson (1855) and Robinson (1902); misidentification of
Cyperus esculentus L., fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
34. Cyperus suranimensis Rottb.

Erroneously reported by Andersson (1853), Robinson (1902), Stewart (1911), and Eliasson (1965);
misidentification of Cyperus virens ssp drummondii (Torr. & Hook.) Koyama, fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
35. Cyperus surinamensis Rottb.

Erroneously reported by Hooker (1847), Andersson (1855), Robinson (1902), Svenson (1935), and Eliasson
(1965); misidentification of Cyperus virens ssp. drummondii. The nine specimens of C. surinamensis: CDRS
3239, 8519, 9681,12054, 13731,14162, 16621, 34125 and 34299 were actually C. involucratus. There is no
other specimen of C. surinamensis, so the species has been rejected from Gal. list. on February 11th, 2008.
36. Cyperus tenuis Sw.
37. Cyperus tristachyus Boeck.

Erroneously reported by Robinson (1902); misidentification of Pycreus bipartitus (Torr.) C.B. Clarke
(=Cyperus rivularis ssp. lagunetto (Steud.) Kükenth), fide Wiggins & Porter (1971). Acc. name: Pycreus
flavescens subsp. flavescens fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
38. Dalea domingensis DC.

Cited by Stewart (1911). However, this species is not listed in any other Galapagos literature, including
Wiggins & Porter (1971). Acc. name: Dalea carthagenensis (Jacq.) J.F.Macbr. fide Royal Botanic Gardens,
39. Desmodium limense Hook.

Syn.: Desmodium filiforme Hook.f., D. galapagense Robinson, fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
40. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.

Erroneously reported by Stewart (1911); misidentification of Digitaria ciliaris (= Digitaria adscendens), fide
41. Eragrostis bahiensis Roem & Sch.

According to Wiggins & Porter (1971, p. 890): "Reported by Robinson who cites Snodgrass & Heller 110
from Isla Isabela. Stewart lists the same collection, and also one of his own (1262) from Isla Pinta. We have
determined both of these as E. mexicana.".
42. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv.

Possible misidentification of Eragrostis mexicana (Hornem.) Link, fide Wiggins & Porter (1971). Syn.: Poa
pilosa L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
43. Eragrostis prolifera (Sw.) Steud.

Syn.: Poa prolifera Sw.
44. Eriochloa distachya HBK

Erroneously reported by Robinson (1902) and Stewart (1911); misidentification of Eriochloa pacifica, fide
45. Eupatorium pycnocephalum Less.
46. Euphorbia maculata L.

Likely misidentification. This taxon does not appear in any Galapagos literature after Andersson (1855). Only
recored based on a Darwin specimen from Floreana (Charles) Island.
47. Fimbristylis capillaris Gray

Erroneously reported by Robinson (1902); misidentification of Bulbostylis hirtella (Schrad.) Nees ex Urban,
fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
48. Galvezia fruticosa Domb.

Likely misidentification. Based on sterile specimens. Considered doubtful by Stewart (1911) and not repeated
in subsequent Galapagos checklists.
49. Glycine soja (L.) Sieb. & Zucc.

Erroneously reported in litt., including Christophersen (1932); misidentification of Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Acc. name of Glycine soja: Glycine max subsp. soja (Siebold & Zucc.) Ohashi. fide Royal Botanic Gardens,
50. Gnaphalium luteoalbum L.

Likely misidentification. Only mention in Galapagos literature is by Stewart (1911) as Gnaphalium
luteo-album. Possible misidentification of Gnaphalium vira-vira. Wiggins & Porter (1971) report: "Our plants
[of G. vira-vira] have usually been misidentified as G. luteo-album L.. It seems reasonbly likely that the
Galápagos plants should properly be identified instead with an Andean species that has been going under the
name G. vira-vira Molina. I have not seen the type, and I am not at all sure that the name is properly applied."
Acc. name: Helichrysum luteoalbum (L.) Rchb. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010).
51. Gramminitis delitescens (Maxon) Proctor
52. Gramminitis serrulata (Sw.) Sw.
53. Haplopappus lanatus Hook. f.

According to Wiggins & Porter (1971, p. 367): "The most doubtful exclusion from the flora. Hooker based
this name on an incomplete specimen... Inasmuch as nothing like it has since been found in the Galápagos
Islands, the possibility presents itself that it too came from some other part of the world." In Hooker (1847)
Robinson (1902) and Stewart (1911) as Aplopappus lanatus.
54. Hemizonia squalida Hook. f.

Based on a Californian specimen of H. angustifolia DC. mistakenly attributed to the Galapagos due to
confusion in labeling, fide Wiggins & Porter (1971)
55. Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf

Syn.: Trachypogon rufus Nees. P. Jaramillo: What has commonly be called "Yaragua" refers to Melinis
minutiflora on San Cristobal and mainland Ecuador. The report in Flores 1985 appears erroneous and no
reports other than Flores 1985 are currently known.
56. Hypoxis erecta Willd.

Likely misidentification. This taxon does not appear in any Galapagos literature after Andersson (1855), who
references a Darwin specimen. Hooker (1847) writes of this specimen: "I cannot distinguish thiese from
United States Sspecimen: thye also very closely resemble others from the Brazils." Acc name: Hypoxis
hirsuta (L.) Coville fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
57. Iresine angustifolia Euphrasén

According to Wiggins & Porter (1971, p. 203): "In the Galápagos Islands this species is known from a single
collection (Edmonstone s.n. [K]) from isla Santa María (Floreana), but there is a possibility the specimen was
mislabeled. The Galápagos specimen agrees very well with material from the mainland (Hitchcock 20118)
between Guayaquil and Salinas, June 1923 [GH])". Also, Robinson (1902) reports "A plant in herb. Gray,
labelled 'Iresine Edmonstonei, Hook. f. Guayaquil? mr. Edmonston,' answers well to the description of this
species." Syn.: Iresine edmonstonei Hook. f. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010).
58. Iresine edmonstonei Hook. f.

According to Wiggins & Porter (1971, p. 203): "In the Galápagos Islands this species is known from a single
collection (Edmonstone s.n. [K]) from isla Santa María (Floreana), but there is a possibility the specimen was
mislabeled. The Galápagos specimen agrees very well with material from the mainland (Hitchcock 20118)
between Guayaquil and Salinas, June 1923 [GH])". Also, Robinson (1902) reports "A plant in herb. Gray,
labelled 'Iresine Edmonstonei, Hook. f. Guayaquil? mr. Edmonston,' answers well to the description of this
species." Acc. name: Iresine angustifolia Euphrasén fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010).
59. Lampranthus amoenus N.E. Br.
60. Lantana canescens Kunth

Reported by Hooker (1847) and Andersson (1855) as Lantana canescens var. ramis aphyllis apices versus
foliosis, foliis 1-1 1/2 unc. longis. This variety, as described by Hooker, is a synonym of Lantana peduncularis
var. peduncularis Andersson (=L. peduncularis) fide Wiggins & Porter (1971). Otherwise,there have been no
reports of L. canescens in the Galapagos.
61. Lantana odorata L.

Erroneously reported by Andersson (1855); misidentification of Lantana peduncularis var. peduncularis, fide
Wiggins & Porter (1971). Acc. name: Lantana involucrata L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
62. Lantana recta Sol.

Erroneously reported by Hooker (1847); misidentification of Lantana peduncularis var. peduncularis
Andersson (=L. peduncularis), fide Wiggins & Porter (1971). Acc. name: Lantana involucrata L. fide Royal
63. Laurus sp. 1

Misidentified Nerium oleander.
64. Lemna minima Phil.

Erroneously reported by Svenson (1935); misidentification of Lemna aequinoctialis Welw., fide Wiggins &
Porter (1971). (A typographical error in Wiggins & Porter causes L. minima Phil. to appear as L. minor Phil.)
Acc. name: Lemna minuta Kunth fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
65. Lemna minor L.

In Robinson (1902) as Lemna sp., Stewart (1911) as Lemna minor L., Svenson (1935) as Lemna minima
Phil., fide Wiggins & Porter (1971). (L. minima Phil. is misprinted as L. minor Phil. in Wiggins & Porter.)
66. Linum oligophyllum Willd. ex Schult.

Erroneously reported by Robinson (1902) and Stewart (1911); misidentification of Linium harlingii Eliass.
Acc. name: Linum chamissonis Schiede fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010)
67. Lippia canescens Kunth

Erroneously reported by Robinson (1902), Stewart (1911), Christophersen (1932), and Svenson (1935);
misidentification of Phyla strigulosa (Mart. & Gal.) Moldenke, fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
68. Mariscus mutisii Kunth

Erroneously reported by Hooker (1847) and Andersson (1855); misidentification of Cyperus anderssonii
Boeck., fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
69. Oxalis barrelieri L.

Erroneously reported by Andersson (1855, 1861) and Svenson (1935); misidentification of Oxalis cornelii
(=Oxalis dombeyi), fide Wiggins & Porter (1971). Likely confused with Oxalis barrelieri Savigny (non L.),
which is a synonym of O. dombeyi.
70. Oxalis carnosa Molina

Erroneously reported in Galapagos literature, including Andersson (1855), Robinson (1902), and Stewart
(1911); misidentification of Oxalis magalorrhiza Jacq., fide Wiggins & Porter (1971). Acc. name: Oxalis
magellanica G. Forst. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
71. Panicum aquaticum Poir.

Erroneously reported by Poir. in Lamt (1816) and Svenson (1938); misidentification of Panicum
dichotomiflorum Michx., fide Wiggins & Porter (1971)
72. Panicum molle Sw.

According to Wiggins & Porter (1971, p. 890): "Caruel (1889, 621) reported this species from Isla San
Cristóbal ,and cits a collection by Chierchia in March 1884. This was repeated by Robinson and by Stewart,
but neither cites any additional collections. We hve not seen the Chierchia material, but it seems likely that it
represents P. purpurascens Raddi or P. fasciculatum Sw." Acc. name: Brachiaria mollis (Sw.) Parodi.
73. Panicum serotinum Trin.

Erroneously reported by Robinson (1902) and Stewart (1911); misidentification of Digitaria horizontalis
Willd., fide Wiggins & Porter (1971, see pp. 889-890). Acc. name: Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv. fide Royal
74. Paspalum longepedunculatum Le Conte

According to Wiggins & Porter (1971, p. 891): "The specimens reported under this name have been shown by
Chase to be P. galapageium Chase, or its var. minoratum Chase, which are apparently endemic to the
Galápagos. P. longepedunculatum is not found outside of the continental United States." Acc. name:
Paspalum setaceum var. longipedunculatum (J.Le Conte) Alph.Wood fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew &
75. Paspalum scrobiculatum L.

According to Wiggins & Porter (1971, p. 891): "This was reported orginally by Caruel (1889) who cited a
specimen collected on Isla San Cristóbal by Chierchia in 1884 This was repeated by Robinson (1902) and by
Stewart, but they cite no additional collections....We have not seen the Chierchia gathering, nor any other that
we would determine as P. scrobiculatum. It seems likely that the specimen in question was a large-fruited
form of P. galapageium Chase, or perhaps the less common P. redundans Chase".
76. Paspalum serotinum (Walter) Flüggé
Erroneously reported by Andersson (1855); misidentification of Digitaria horizontalis, fide Wiggins & Porter
(1971). Acc. name of P. serotinum is Digitaria serotina (Walter) Michx. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew &
77. Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chyov.

Syn.: Pennisetum longistylum Hochst. ex A. Rich.; The Plant List as Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex
Chiov.) Morrone. and Pennisetum inclusum Pilg.
78. Phaca edmonstonei Hook.f.

Erroneously reported by Hooker (1847) and Andersson (1855). According to Wiggins & Porter (1971, p.
642): "Hooker cited two collections: 'Hab. Galapagos, Adm. Du Petit Thouars. Charles Island, T. Edmonstone
Esq.' According to Johnston, the Edmonstone collection was made in Chile and that of Du Petit Thouars
probably in California.... There can be little doubt that [Edmonstone] collected material of the Astragalus near
Valaparaiso... The species is not a plant of the Galápagos Islands." Acc. name: Astragalus edmondstonei
(Hook.f.) Robinson fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
79. Physalis ixocarpa Brot. ex Hornem.

Acc. name: Physalis philadelphica Lam. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden
(2010). Likely misidentification by Robinson (1902) and Stewart (1911), as neither P. ixocarpa nor P.
philadelphica appear in any other Galapagos literature.
80. Phytolacca decandra L.

Likely misidentification. Not found in any Galapagos species checklists after Robinson (1902). Robinson
explains, "It is probably that the Galapageian plant, which curiously enough has not been secured by any
subsequent collector, will prove to be P. octandra L. or a related trop. American species".
81. Piscidia erythrina L.

Acc. name: Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg. Neither P. erythira nor P. piscipula are mentioned in other Galapagos
literature after Stewart (1911). Based on a Darwin specimen from San Cristóbal (Chatham) Island.
82. Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg.

Likely mididentification. Only record is by Christophersen (1932) based on a sterile specimen. Christophersen
reports that the specimens differ from the description in a number of ways, and possibly "are to be referred to
a new species".
83. Poa pilosa L.

Possible misidentification of Eragrostis mexicana (Hornem.) Link fide Wiggins & Porter (1971). Acc. name:
Eragrostis pilosa Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P.Beauv.
84. Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Schott

Erroneously reported by Stewart (1911); misidentification of Polystichum gelidum (Kunze) Fée, fide Wiggins
& Porter (1971).
85. Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk.

Syn.: Achras caimito Ruiz & Pav. Pennington (1990) as Achras guapeba Casar.
86. Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz

P. chiliensis is not applicable to Galápagean taxa, fide Svenson in Wiggins & Porter (1971)
87. Prosopis dulcis Kunth
Attributed to the Galapagos in error, fide Wiggins & Porter (1971). Acc. name: Prosopis laevigata (Willd.)
M.C.Johnst. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
88. Relbunium hypocarpium (L.) Hemsl.

Likely misidentification. Stewart (1911) is the only record of this taxon in the Galapagos, and he reports:
"The specimen is sterile.... It is possible that this may be the Rubia sp. which was collected on Charles Isl. by
Darwin and was mentioned by Hooker." Acc. name: Galium hypocarpium subsp. hypocarpium fide Royal
89. Rhynchosia reticulata (Sw.) DC.

Probable misidentification by Hooker. All reports in the Galapagos are based on one Darwin specimen from
Santiago (James) Island. Not cited in Galapagos literature after Stewart (1911), and Jørgensen (1999) does not
attribute this taxa to the Galápagos.
90. Rhynchospora nervosa ssp. nervosa (Vahl) Boeck.

Syn.: Dichromena nervosa Vahl
91. Ruellia paniculata

Likely misidentification. Not cited in Galapagos literature besides Stewart (1911)
92. Salvia alvajaca Oerst.

Syn.: Salvia tiliifolia var. alvajaca (Oerst.) L.O. Williams. Reports based on misidentified Ocimum basilicum
and O. campechianum.
93. Scleria hirtella Sw.

Misidentification of Scleria distans.
94. Setaria antillarum Roem. & Schult.) Kunth

Erroneously reported by Andersson (1855); misidentification of Setaria setosa (Sw.) Beauv., fide Wiggins &
Porter (1971). Acc. name: Pennisetum hordeoides (Lam.) Steud. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew &
95. Setaria floriana Andersson

According to Wiggins & Porter (1971, p. 891): "Based on an Andersson collection from Isla Santa María. We
have not seen the specimen, but judging from the description, and the fact that the author compares it to S.
glauca and S. imberbis, it seems likely that Andersson had a plant of S. geniculata (Lam.) Beauv. (q.v.).
Setaria imbebis (Poir) Roem. & Schult. is generally considered to be a synonym of S. geniculata." Acc. name:
Setaria parviflora (Poir.) M.Kerguelen fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010)
96. Setaria rottleri Spreng

Erroneously reported by Hooker (1847) and Andersson (1855); misidentification of Setaria Setosa (Sw.)
Beauv., fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
97. Sida supina L'Hér.

Likely misidentification. Cited by Stewart (1911), however it is not listed in any other Galapagos literature.
Jørgensen (1999) reports that this taxon is native to the Andes but is not found in the Galapagos.Acc. name:
Sida abutilifolia Mill.
98. Sinapis arvensis L.
No records since Andersson (1855). Possible misidentification of Brassica campestris fide Wiggins & Porter
(1971).
99. Solanum verbascifolium L.

Erroneously reported by Hooker (1847), Andersson (1855), Robinson (1902), Stewart (1911), Christophersen
(1932), and Svenson (1935); misidentification of S. erianthum, fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
100. Spermacoce tenuior L.

Erroneously reported in Galapagos literature, including Hooker (1847), Andersson (1855), Robinson (1902)
and Stewart (1911); misidentification of Spermacoce confusa Rendle, fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
101. Spilanthes acmella (L.) Murray

Erroneously reported in Galapagos literature, including Andersson (1855), Robinson (1902), Stewart (1911)
and Wiggins & Porter (1971); misidentification of Acmella sodiroi (Hieron.) R.K. Jansen. Acc. name:
Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson.
102. Sporobolus domingensis (Trin.) Kunth

According to Wiggins & Porter (1971, p. 892): "A number of collections were reported under this name by
both Robinson and Stewart. Snodgrass & Heller 811 and Stewart 1184 proved to be Eragrostis mexicana
(Hornem.) Link. Snodgrass & Heller 862 is Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. All of the others are Sporobolus
pyramidatus (Lam.) Hitch. Apparently S. domingensis does not occur south of the West Indies and Mexico,
since we found no specimens of this species in the South American folders at US".
103. Stenotaphrum glabrum Trin.

According to Wiggins & Porter (1971, p. 892): "Reported by Robinson from Isla Isabela on the basis of
Snodgrass & Heller 57 and 873 from San Cristóbal on the basis of Baur 325. The specimens are S.
secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze." Acc. name: Stenotaphrum dimidiatum (L.) Brongn. fide Royal Botanic Gardens,
104. Stylosanthes scabra Vogel

Wiggins & Porter (1971) report: "According to R. H. Mohlenbrock (1957, 317), the collections of
Stylosanthes from the Galápagos Islands are all referable to S. sympodialis. In previous treatments such
matrerial was cited as S. scavra Vog., a more suffrutescent and viscid species, known only from the mainland,
especially Brazil".
105. Tournefortia hirsutissima L.

Cited only by Robinson (1902) and Stewart (1911). Robinson suggested that "Chierchia's specimen will on
examination prove to be T. rufo-sericea".
106. Tournefortia laurifolia Vent.

Cited only by Robinson (1902), who writes: "A doubtful member of the Galapageian flora".
107. Tournefortia syringifolia Vahl.

Likely misidentification. Not cited in Galapagos literature after Stewart (1911). Based on two specimens, one
by Chierchia and one by Andersson. Stewart suggests that it is "possibly a less pubescent form of either T.
psilostachya or T. pubescens." In Andersson (1855) and Stewart (1911) as Tournefortia syringaefolia.
108. Verbena carolina L.

Erroneously reported in Galapagos literature, including Robinson (1902) and Stewart (1911);
misidentification of Verbena sedula var. darwinii Moldenke, fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
109. Verbena caroliniana L.

Erroneously reported by Andersson (1855); misidentification of Verbena sedula var. darwinii Moldenke, fide
Wiggins & Porter (1971). Acc. name: Verbena carolina L. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri
110. Verbena officinalis L.

Erroneously reported by Hooker (1847), Andersson (1855), Robinson (1902), and Stewart (1911);
misidentification of Verbena glabrata var. tenuispicata (=V. glabrata), fide Wiggins & Porter (1971).
111. Verbena polystachya Kunth

This taxon and its accepted name Verbena carolina L. have been erroneously reported in Galapagos literature,
including Hooker (1847); misidentification of Verbena sedula var. darwinii Moldenke, fide Wiggins & Porter
(1971).
112. Viburnum carlesii Hemsl.

No records subsequent to Flores (1985), and from his common name (Hortensia), this could have been a
mis-named Hydrangea opuloides.
113. Wedelia frutescens Jacqu.

Likely misidentification. Based on an Edmonstone specimed. This species does not appear in Galapagos
Literature after Andersson (1855). Acc. name: Wedelia fruticosa Jacq. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew &
114. Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers.

This species is known only from Ceylon and India according to Dande and Milne-Redhead (1963) as reported
by Wiggins & Porter (1971)
Acknowledgements
We are grateful for the financial report received for this project. Please refer to the website (www.darwinfoundation.org/
datazone/checklist/) for a detailed list of all our donors.
This checklist would not be possible without adjunct and collaborating scientists, and volunteers of the Charles Darwin Foundation.
The following scientists and volunteers have contributed to the CDF Checklist of Galapagos Flowering Plants: Henning Adsersen,
Ivan Aldáz, Elena Antolín, Chris Buddenhagen, Baltasar Cabezudo, Susana Chamorro, César Gómez-Campos, Jacinto Gordillo, Ana
Mireya Guerrero, Ole Hamman, Syuzo Itow, Heinke Jäger, Jonas E. Lawesson, Simon Lægaard, Conley McMullen, Duncan M.
Porter, Paola Pozo, Alan Stewart, Maria M. Trigo, Alan Tye, Jorge Vera, Daniel Weber, Ira L. Wiggins, Erika Zambrano.
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Jaramillo Díaz, P., Guézou, A., Mauchamp, A., Tye, A. (2017).

CDF Checklist of Galapagos Flowering Plants - FCD Lista de especies de

CDF Checklist of Galapagos Flowering Plants

Patricia Jaramillo Díaz, Anne Guézou, André Mauchamp, Alan Tye

Last updated: 04 Jul 2017

1. Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.

2. Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik.

4. Abutilon anderssonianum Garcke

5. Abutilon depauperatum (Hook. f.) Andersson ex Robinson

6. Abutilon dianthum C. Presl.

9. Acacia insulae-iacobi Riley

10. Acacia macracantha Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.

11. Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile

12. Acacia rorudiana Christoph.

13. Acalypha abingdonii Seberg

14. Acalypha aff. sericea Anderss.

15. Acalypha flacida Hook.f.

16. Acalypha hispida Burm. f.

17. Acalypha integrifolia ssp. marginata (Poir.) Coode

18. Acalypha parvula var. chathamensis (Robinson) Webster

19. Acalypha parvula var. parvula Hook. f.

20. Acalypha parvula var. reniformis (Hook. f.) Müll. Arg.

21. Acalypha parvula var. strobilifera (Hook. f.) Müll. Arg.

22. Acalypha sericea Andersson

24. Acalypha velutina Hook.f.

25. Acalypha wigginsii G.L. Webster

27. Acanthospermum microcarpum Robinson

28. Achillea millefolium L.

29. Achyranthes aspera L.

30. Acmella ciliata (HBK) Cassini

31. Acmella darwinii (Porter) Jansen

32. Acmella sodiroi (Hieron.) R.K. Jansen

33. Acnistus insularis Robinson

34. Acorus gramineus Aiton

36. Adenostemma platyphyllum Cass.

38. Agave americana L.

39. Agave angustifolia var. marginata hort. ex Gentry

40. Agave attenuata Salm-Dyck

41. Ageratum conyzoides L.

42. Ageratum latifolium (Benth.) Hemsl.

43. Aglaonema commutatum Schott

44. Albizia guachapele (Kunth) Dugand

45. Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.

46. Allamanda cathartica L.

47. Allamanda schottii Pohl

48. Allium cepa L.

49. Allium fistulosum L.

50. Allium porrum L.

51. Allium sativum L.

52. Allium schoenoprasum L.

53. Alocasia cucullata (Lour.) G. Don.

54. Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don.

55. Alocasia micholitziana Sander

56. Alocasia sanderiana hort. ex W. Bull

57. Aloe arborescens Mill.

58. Aloe aristata Haw.

59. Aloe cooperi Baker

60. Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.

62. Alpinia nutans (L.) Roscoe

63. Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum.

64. Alpinia vittata W. Bull

65. Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm.

66. Alternanthera caracasana Kunth

67. Alternanthera echinocephala (Hook. f.) Christoph.