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    17 views23 pages

    Amaranthus Theory Class

    Uploaded by

    sakthivel

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 23

    Amaranthus

    Amaranthus sp.
    Amaranthaceae

    Chromosome number:
    2n = 32,34,64
    Introduction

    •Grown in Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

    • Leaves and succulent stem are good sources of iron (38.5 mg/100g),
    calcium (350-400 mg/100g), vitamin-A and vitamin-C.
    •The iron availability -15.2 – 53.6% of total iron.

    •High oxalate content (1-2%) and nitrate (1.8-8.8 g/ kg dry matter)

    •Short duration, quick response to manures and fertilizers, high yield.

    •Both leaf and grain types -malnutrition of poor people.


    Amaranths
    (Amaranthus spp) Amaranthaceae

    Origin :

    A. tricolor – Main type – South or S.E. Asia


    particularly India

    A. dubius – diversity in Central America, Indonesia, India,


    Africa

    A. lividus – Southern and Central Europe

    Amaranthus – 50-60 spp – Leaves and grains


    Common amaranth species present in India

    Chromosome Cultivated /
    Species Seed colour Purpose
    number Weeds
    1. A. tricolor 2n=34 Cultivated Black Pot-herb
    ornamental
    A. tristis

    2. A. viridis 2n=34 Weed Black Pot-herb


    3. A. spinosus 2n=34 Weed Black Pot-herb
    4. A. dubius 2n=64 Cultivated Black Pot-herb
    5. A. blitum 2n=34 Weed & Black Pot-herb
    Cultivated
    A. lividus
    forms
    6. A. hypochondriacus 2n=34 Cultivated White, Pot-herb,
    golden brown grain,
    or black ornamental

    7. A. cruentus 2n=34 Cultivated Black, brown, Pot-herb,


    white or grain,
    A. paniculatus
    yellow ornamental

    8. A. caudatus 2n=32 Cultivated White or dark Pot-herb,


    grain,
    A. edulis
    ornamental
    Amaranthus VARIETIES
    CO 1: -A.dubius ( Mulai Keerai)
    • Leaves are dark green with rigded
    appearance,stem is dark green,round and
    succulent
    • Suitable for late harvesting
    • Yield:7-8 t/ha
    • Tolerant to pest and diseases.

    CO 2 : -A.tricolor (Thandu Keerai)


    • Developed by selection from local type
    • Suited for early harvest
    • Leaves green, stem green succulent
    • Takes 42 days for flowering and 80 days for
    seed maturity
    • Yield:10-11 t/ha
    CO 3: (A. tristis) – Arakeerai

     This is suitable for clipping of tender greens.

     locally named as Araikeerai in Killu keerai

     First clipping is possible 20 days after sowing and

    total of about ten clippings spread over three months.

     The leaf : stem ratio is high and this enhances the

    palatability of cooked vegetable.

     yield is 10-12 t/ha.


    CO.4 A. hypochondriacus
     Plants dwarf
     Rapid vegetative growth
     Plants thinned to get a
    spacing of 30 x 30 cm
     7-8 t/ha
     Remaining plants allowed to
    set seeds 2-2.5t/ha
     80-90 days.
    CO 5:

     Duration – 50 days, Double coloured leaves

    (green & pink)

     Season – June –sep & Jan – May

     Yield – 40 t/ha

     Plants – medium in height & high nutritive

    value

     Harvesting – 30 days onwards


    Sirukeerai (A. polygonoides) :
    • Traditional cultivar in Tamil Nadu

    • Suited for uprooting at 25 days after sowing

    • Leaves -small, ovate with blunt bifurcated tip and have long petiole

    • Collar region is dark pink and at leaf axil a miniature branch initiates.
    IARI, New Delhi

    • Pusa Chotti Chaulai (A. Blitum) : Plants dwarf with succulent, small

    and green leaves; responds well to cutting.

    • Pusa Badi Chaulai (A. tricolor) : Plants tall and stem thick with large

    green leaves; responds to cutting.

    • Pusa Kirti (A. blitum) : Green leaved variety with green and thick stem;

    leaf lamina broad ovate; ready for harvest in 30-35 days and extends

    up to 70-85 days; yield 55 t/ha; specifically suited for summer.


    IARI, New Delhi

    • Pusa Kiran (A. tricolor) : This is developed by natural crossing between

    A. tricolor and A.tristis and has more characteristics of A. tricolor.

    Leaves are glossy green with broad ovate lamina; leaf-stem ratio is

    1.0:4.6; yield 35 t/ha in 70-75 days; suited for kharif season.

    • Pusa Lal Chaulai (A. tricolor) : Upper surface of leaves are deep red

    and lower surface purplish red; yield 45-49 t/ha in 4 harvests.


    IIHR, Bangalore

    • Arka Suguana (A. tricolor) : A multi-cut variety with broad green

    leaves. First picking starts in 24 days after sowing and continue up to

    90 days. Moderately resistant to white rust. Yield 17-18 t/ha.

    • Arka Arunima (A. tricolor) : A multicult variety with broad dark purple

    leaves. First picking starts in 30 days after sowing and two

    subsequent cuttings at 10-12 days interval. Yield 27 t/ha.


    Climate and Soil

    • Tropical and sub-tropical regions.

    • Leaf amaranth -warm season crop adapted to hot humid climatic


    conditions.

    • Grown throughout the year in tropics and in autumn, spring and


    summer seasons in temperate regions.

    • Leaf types -day neutral in habit but differ in their day length
    requirements and respond differently to changes in photo and thermo-
    periodism.
    • Grain types-A. caudatus, A. cruentus and A. edulis are short day
    species while A. hypochondriacus is day neutral.

    • pH is 5.5-7.5

    • Red amaranth requires bright sunlight for colour development


    Sowing
    • Direct sown- broadcast/rows

    • Bed size- 2.0 x 1.2 m

    • Spacing b/w plants- 20 cm

    • Row distance- 20-30 cm

    • Seed depth- 1-1.5 cm

    • Seed rate- 2 kg (direct sowing), Transplanted-500 g/ha

    • Seed mixed with fine sand


    Season

    State Season

    South India Thro’out year

    Maharashtra & Gujarat (grain Rabi


    amaranth)
    North India (leaf amaranth) Summer (Feb-Mar)
    Kharif (June-July)-plains
    May-July (hills)
    Manuring

    • 20-30 t/ha of FYM

    • N:P2O5:K2O @ 50:25:20 kg/ha- basal dose

    • 50 kg of N- topdressing

    • CO3 (clipping type)- 75:25:25 kg NPK/ha

    • Spraying 1% urea immediately after each harvest will increase


    the yield.
    Irrigation

    • Amaranth is relatively drought tolerant-insufficient water will


    reduce yield

    • Watering- just after sowing or transplanting

    • Slow and steady watering


    Bolting
    • Premature flowering or bolting is a serious problem in cultivation of amaranth.

    • Quality and yield are deteriorated after flowering.

    • Bolting is usually associated with planting of short day varieties during

    November-December, deficiency of nitrogen, extreme high temperature and

    poor soil aeration.

    • Practices like raising of crop at ideal time depending on locality, frequent

    application of nitrogen fertilizers and manures and keeping soil loose by light

    hoeing prolong flowering.


    Plant protection

    • Avoid use of insecticides or fungicides

    • Leaf webber attack, spray malathion 0.1%

    • Amaranth is susceptible to damage by foliar insects such as


    leafminers , leafrollers, cutworms, aphids, flea beetles, and
    mites

    • Choose pesticides that have short persistence, i.e., the effects


    last only a few days
    Harvesting

    • Harvest - 20–45 days after planting or sowing

    • Plants may be harvested once or several times

    • Whole plants are pulled from soil with roots, washed and tied in
    bundles

    • With multiple harvests, young leaves and tender shoots are


    picked at 2–3 week intervals

    • Harvest varies with varieties


    Cont.,

    • Co 1, Co 2 (green types)- plants pulled out with root-25th DAS

    • Co 3 (clipping type)- 25th DAS- clipping once in a week- 90th day

    • A.hypochondriachus (grain type)- 25th DAS thinning 30x30 cm-


    flower

    • Grain harvest- 80-120 DAS


    Yield

    • CO 1- 7-8 t/ha (green matter)

    • CO 2- 10-11 t/ha (green matter)

    • CO 3- 12 t/ha (green clippings)

    • CO 4- 8 t/ha (green matter), 2-2.5 t/ha (grains)

    • CO 5- 40 t/ha (greens)
    Seed production

    • Isolation distance -400 m for foundation and 200 m for certified

    • For seed production, seedlings are transplanted at spacing of 30-45

    x 30 cm.

    • Crop may be left for seed production after making one or two

    cuttings for vegetable harvests.

    • Inflorescence is harvested when glumes turn brown in colour and

    seeds turn black.

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