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Senna (Cassia angustifolia) production guide
- 1. Senna (Cassia angustifolia) सनाय Family : Leguminosae
- 2. Plant Profile : English name : Indian senna Sanskrit name : Swarnapatri Species : over 300 species and 50 species of Senna are known in cultivation. mainly Cassia senna and Cassia angustifolia Distribution : South Africa, India, Sudan in India in southern districts of TN viz. Ramanathpuram & Madurai in about 10,000 ha Uses : Drug (Laxative property)
- 3. List of important species :
- 4. Introduction : • Erect shrub reaching more than 70 cms in height • Mainly leaves and pods are used • Contains Sennosides A, B, C & D (1-1.5%) which is used for preparation of Laxatives and Purgatives • Flowers are yellow in color and pods contains 5-7 dark brown seeds • India ranks 1st in its production and annually earns 45 millions • Almost all senna leaves are exported to London markets • Senna also contains a yellow flavonol colouring matter Kaempferol. Acting as an antioxidant by reducing stress
- 5. Production technology : • Climate : High temperature and humid climate Low rainfall • Soil : Grows well in sandy loam soil with pH range 7-8.5 Sensetive to waterlogged conditions, heavy rainfall and low temperature Can withstand moderately saline conditions
- 6. Land preparation and sowing : • Ploughed land is exposed to sun for 2-3 weeks • Fine tilth is made and sowing @5kgs/ha • Treatment of seeds before sowing with fungicides (Thiram,Captan @2.5g/kg) to prevent damping off • Seed – Seed distance 30-40 cms in line sowing • Optimum seed depth is 1.5-2 cms • Light irrigation is needed at the time of germination and establishment
- 7. • Usually two sowings are done in Tirunelveli tract one during February March and the second one during July- November. • Germination commences in 13 days of sowing and is over in another one week. • The seed has a thick coat and can remain in field in hot weather without any injury but sprouted seed can seldom withstand the lack of soil moisture and usually dies. • Crop is thinned at 30 days to maintain a plant to plant distance of 30cms in a row.
- 8. Nutrient management and irrigation : • 20 to 25 tonns/ha of FYM is used before sowing • N : P : K is 52-100 : 20-50 : 20 • 40 kgs of N and 50 kgs of P is used at the time of sowing and rest of N at 35,85 and 110 DAS in equal doses • Avg. Rainfall of 35 to 40 cm in June to Oct is sufficient • Irrigation is done at 40, 75 and 100 DAS when plant bears new growth of foliage and flowers • Weeding is practiced at 25,75 and 110 DAS
- 9. Harvesting : • Young senna leaves have high sennoside content but seeds do not • First harvest is done at 50-70 DAS depending upon plant growth • Second harvest is done at 90-100 DAS and third at 130 to 150 DAS • Its root bark also contains sennoside but not use for trade • Harvested crop is spread in thin layer in an open area to reduce moisture and furthur drying in well ventilated drying shed for 3 to 5 days having 8% moisture • Proper drying causes light green to greenish yellow and improper drying causes brown black color
- 10. • Good yield is 1500kgs/ha of dry leaves and 700 kgs/hac of dry pods under irrigated condition • Yield decreases to 1000kgs/ha and 400kgs/ha in rainfed conditions. • Leaf spot and leaf blight is caused by Cercospora spp. • 0.15 % of Diathane M45 is spread 3 times within 6 weeks to control this.
- 11. Extraction of Sennosides :