Herbarium Recuration Interim Report - Research

Darwin Initiative Project 17-022 

Conservation of the Lowland Savannas of Belize 

Herbarium Recuration Interim Report 

March 2011

1. Introduction................................................................................................................3 

1.1. Background .........................................................................................................3 

1.2. Curation work as part of Darwin Initiative Project 17-022 ................................3 

2. Herbarium recuration activities in project year 2 ......................................................3 

2.1. Status before recuration ......................................................................................3 

2.2. Summary of herbarium recuration activities in May 2010 .................................4 

2.3. Summary of recommendations after first session of re-curation in May 2010...4 

2.4. Summary of herbarium recuration activities in October – December 2010 .......5 

3. Materials and Methods...............................................................................................6 

4. Results........................................................................................................................6 

5. Next Steps ................................................................................................................16 

5.1. Anticipated work in project year 3....................................................................16 

5.2. Potential Issues..................................................................................................16 

5.2.1. Classification..............................................................................................16 

5.2.2. Specimen folders........................................................................................16 

5.2.3. Specimen data capture, management and digitisation ...............................16 

6. Bibliography ............................................................................................................18 

Zoë Goodwin (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh) 

German Lopez (Environmental Research Institute, University of Belize) 

Hector Mai (Forest Department) 

Elspeth Haston (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh) 

David Harris (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh) 

Neil Stuart (PI, Darwin Savanna Conservation Project) 

The work for this report was sponsored by the Darwin Initiative, Project 17-022 

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1. Introduction 

1.1. Background 

The national herbarium of Belize is located at the Forest Department (FD), Belmopan. 

The herbarium contains approximately 10,000 specimens (Thiers, accessed September 

2010). The limited national capacity for taxonomy in Belize was identified in 2005 as 

a major constraint restricting Belize from meeting its target under the CBD (vi/9: 

Global Strategy for Plant Conservation). Part of the difficulty is that the national 

herbarium is under-resourced with the result that since 1997 the specimens deposited 

have not been fully curated or entered into a database. Until this backlog is processed, 

it is difficult to assess which species are presently under-collected. 

1.2. Curation work as part of Darwin Initiative Project 17-022 

The main purpose of the Darwin Initiative Project 17-022, ‘Conservation of the 

Lowland Savannas of Belize’ is to ‘increase available data and enhance the capacity 

of local institutions to undertake taxonomic research and mapping, required to 

identify priority areas for conservation within lowland savannas of Belize’. A key 

output of this project is to create an enhanced capacity within the country to conduct 

botanical surveys, to collect and name plants and to curate specimens within Belize. 

Ensuring that the existing collections are correctly named and properly curated is the 

first step in establishing this capacity, since without a well-maintained herbarium 

botanists cannot access the specimens or use them as a resource to aid further 

identification. 

For these reasons the recuration of the existing savanna specimens in the national 

herbarium at the Forest Department, Belmopan is one of the key in-country activities 

being carried out during the second year of the project. The recuration work is a 

specialised task and for this reason it is initially being undertaken by the UK Darwin 

Botanist, Zoë Goodwin who can call upon curation staff from RBGE with expert 

knowledge. The Belize Darwin Botanist German Lopez is working alongside Zoë 

Goodwin throughout the process, improving his identification skills and learning 

curation techniques that should enable him to continue this task more independently 

in year 3. 

2. Herbarium recuration activities in project year 2 

2.1. Status before recuration 

The herbarium of the Forest Department Belmopan (Index Herbariorum code BRH) 

contained eleven cabinets of specimens (Appendix 1); these were estimated to contain 

approximately 10,000 specimens (Thiers, accessed September 2010). However this is 

probably an underestimate of the total number of specimens potentially to be kept at 

BRH as there are more than 33,000 Belizean specimen records in the Missouri 

Botanical Gardens online herbarium catalogue (Tropicos.org, 01 Sep 2010) and there 

are probably several thousand specimens yet to be repatriated to BRH that have been 

collected over the years by foreign institutions. 

Prior to re-curation families were organised alphabetically at BRH and family 

delimitation did not appear to follow a single classification, such as APG III. 

Specimens were laid away by label name, without reference to a particular 

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classification or revision; this appeared to result in families being laid away in 

multiple locations as explained below. 

Classification Systems in Herbaria 

Family delimitation and nomenclature can differ between taxonomic systems 

accepted by herbaria worldwide. For example North American herbaria have 

traditionally favoured Englerian system, British collections have favoured 

Bentham & Hooker, now the LAPG III system (Haston et al., 2009) is 

increasingly being adopted by herbaria worldwide. Thus specimens of the 

same species may potentially have different family names depending on the 

institution from they are repatriated. For example the genus Ternstroemia 

may be included one of three families; Ternstroemiaceae, Theaceae or 

Pentaphylacaceae. Thus Ternstroemia specimens received by BRH from 

different non-Belizean herbaria are potentially being laid away under any of 

these three different families. 

As in most herbaria, a two-tiered folder system has been used at BRH, with one to 

many thin paper folders being contained within a thicker cardboard folder. In many 

herbaria the inner folders are used to hold specimens of the same species and thus 

these are often called species folders; the outer folder are used to hold one to many 

species folders of the same genus and thus are called the genus folder. However, at 

BRH the inner folders contain specimens of many different species and the outer 

folders often contain multiple genera. Both covers are usually unlabelled with no 

family, genus or species name present. In addition, both species and genera are often 

out of order making the process of laying away or locating specimens very timeconsuming. 

Generic and specific names appeared not to have been updated to an appropriate 

revision, and specimens were laid away by label name without checking. Thus the 

herbarium contained many synonymous and invalid names. 

In 2008 approximately 3,000 repatriated plant specimens were mounted by University 

of Belize undergraduate students led by Rolando Caballero (University of Belize) at 

BRH, following a course in herbarium specimen mounting by Daniel Atha of New 

York Botanic Garden (NY). These specimens occupied three full size cabinets and 

had been sorted roughly by family, yet were still to be incorporated into the existing 

collection. 

2.2. Summary of herbarium recuration activities in May 2010 

A total of five and half days were spent in the herbarium by Zoë Goodwin and Geman 

Lopez during the periods May 10-14 and June 2-4. Approximately 800 specimens in 

two families were re-curated. The small family Polygalaceae (3 genera) and two 

subfamilies in the Fabaceae, Mimosoideae and Caesalpinoideae, were completely recurated, 

the recuration of the Fabaceae subfamily Faboideae was started. 

2.3. Summary of recommendations after first session of recuration 

in May 2010 

Following the results of recuration work that has been carried out on a single cabinet 

of 800 specimens by Zoë Goodwin and German Lopez, the project made these 

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ecommendations as to how further recuration work, supported in the first instance by 

the Darwin Initiative, should proceed: 

• Families to remain ordered alphabetically, however a specific classification 

for family and genera needs to be adopted; 

• APG III is suggested as the system for angiosperms, using Haston et al 

(2009) and Mabberly (2008) as primary references for family and genera 

names; 

• It is suggested that fern families should follow Smith et al. (2006); 

• Species and infraspecific level specimen determinations and species names 

should continue to follow Balick et al. (2000) primarily; 

• The savanna plant database being created as part of this Darwin project can be 

used to generate a comprehensive index of accepted names and synonyms for 

all families and genera for use in the herbarium. 

• The purchase of additional outer and inner specimen covers is urgently 

recommended for the near future. 

• It is recommended that the practise of placing a single genus within an 

individual outer cover and that of placing a single species within each inner 

cover should continue during further recuration. However this is reliant on the 

purchase of a sufficient number of further specimen covers. 

For a full summary of recommendations made see Goodwin et al. (2010). 

2.4. Summary of herbarium recuration activities in October – 

December 2010 

A total of thirty eight days or half days were spent in the herbarium by Zoë Goodwin 

and Geman Lopez during the period October 8 th to December 10 th . Approximately 

3,800 specimens in all families (112) from Acanthaceae to Melastomataceae were recurated. 

This equated to the recuration of six full-size cabinets of specimens. 24 

other families were partially re-curated as their specimens were encountered within 

the cabinets. In addition 1200 recently mounted specimens were also recurated and 

incorporated into the cabinets. 

The seven cabinets re-curated (including the cabinet re-curated in FS2) were 

expanded to fill just over 13 cabinets (Appendix 1 and 2) to reduce over crowding of 

specimens, to allow the incorporation of the additional mounted specimens and to 

allow spare room within cabinets for future additions to the collection. 

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3. Materials and Methods 

Genus and species folders were re-curated by updating names on folder covers in 

pencil; genera were placed into separate genus covers, species were placed into 

separate species covers. 

Determinations on all specimens were checked 

against species names and specimens cited in 

Balick et al. (2000) as a primary source and against 

specimen information from TROPICOS 

(Tropicos.org, 01 Sep 2010) as a secondary source. 

As a result some of the determinations were 

updated by inserting a standardised citation slip 

(Figure 1) designed for this purpose. 

Taxonomic judgements were generally not made 

except where the authors had full confidence; 

however synonymy was updated to the latest 

accepted name, following Balick et al. (2000) or 

other literature where appropriate (for example 

Pennington, 1997). If there was doubt over 

whether a species name should be accepted or not, 

the name was kept (it was assigned a species 

folder, not sunk into another species). 

Specimens re-curated at BRH were all logged in 

the project’s plant specimen database. Specimens 

encoutered that were duplicates of botanical 

records already present in the database, only the 

creation of the duplicate record at BRH with a 

filing name was needed. Partial data capture was performed for specimens not 

previously in the database; collector name, collection number, filing name and 

gazetteer location was recorded. Full data capture was performed for novel specimens 

only if the specimen was a type. 

4. Results 

Approximately 4670 specimens were re-curated in approximately 45 days of 

recuration. This equated to the recuration of seven full-size cabinet of specimens. 

112 families from Acanthaceae to Melastomataceae in addition to Polygalaceae were 

fully re-curated, and the 24 other families were partially re-curated as their specimens 

were encountered within the cabinets (Table 1). In addition 1200 recently mounted 

specimens were also recurated and incorporated into the cabinets. A total of 720 

citation and 405 determination slips were used (Table 2). The seven cabinets were 

expanded to fill 13 cabinets plus 3 shelves. 

A total of 5294 herbarium specimens have been recorded in the project database from 

the BRH herbarium during the recuration to date, some herbarium specimens are 

represented at BRH by more than one duplicate (herbarium sheet) so a larger number 

of total duplicates (5877) were recorded from BRH. Of these herbarium specimens 

2266 specimens (42.8%) were new specimens to the database. 

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Figure 1 Specimen (above) with 

determination updated using a 

standardised citation slip (below).

To cover the shortage of specimen folders in the herbarium the project funded the 

purchase of 1,900 archive quality inner specimen folders (species covers); 400 in 

September 2010 and 1,500 in March 2011. 

Table 1. Families re-curated during project year 2 and numbers of duplicates processed per 

family (A-Z by family). 

Count Family Count Family 

132 Acanthaceae 93 Chrysobalanaceae 

3 Achariaceae 7 Cleomaceae 

9 Actinidiaceae 11 Clethraceae 

1 Agavaceae 77 Clusiaceae 

14 Aizoaceae 8 Cochlospermaceae 

6 Alismataceae 123 Combretaceae 

2 Altingiaceae 40 Commelinaceae 

40 Amaranthaceae 15 Connaraceae 

14 Amaryllidaceae 103 Convolvulaceae 

73 Anacardiaceae 25 Costaceae 

97 Annonaceae 7 Crassulaceae 

11 Apiaceae 28 Cucurbitaceae 

205 Apocynaceae 1 Cupressaceae 

24 Aquifoliaceae 6 Cyatheaceae 

98 Araceae 2 Cyclanthaceae 

36 Araliaceae 7 Cymodoceaceae 

1 Araucariaceae 234 Cyperaceae 

193 Arecaceae 12 Cyrillaceae 

21 Aristolochiaceae 10 Dennstaedtiaceae 

12 Asparagaceae 12 Dichapetalaceae 

5 Asphodelaceae 48 Dilleniaceae 

11 Aspleniaceae 19 Dioscoreaceae 

467 Asteraceae 5 Droseraceae 

2 Balanophoraceae 11 Dryopteridaceae 

2 Balsaminaceae 7 Ebenaceae 

1 Basellaceae 13 Elaeocarpaceae 

12 Bataceae 8 Ericaceae 

15 Begoniaceae 8 Eriocaulaceae 

124 Bignoniaceae 26 Erythroxylaceae 

14 Bixaceae 269 Euphorbiaceae 

6 Blechnaceae 5 Fabaceae 

132 Boraginaceae 203 Fabaceae - Caesalpinioideae 

4 Brassicaceae 414 Fabaceae - Faboideae 

73 Bromeliaceae 226 Fabaceae - Mimosoideae 

6 Burmanniaceae 34 Fagaceae 

65 Burseraceae 33 Gentianaceae 

2 Buxaceae 12 Gesneriaceae 

13 Cactaceae 5 Gleicheniaceae 

9 Campanulaceae 7 Haemodoraceae 

6 Cannaceae 1 Haloragidaceae 

15 Capparaceae 37 Heliconiaceae 

22 Caricaceae 7 Hydroleaceae 

9 Casuarinaceae 15 Hymenophyllaceae 

52 Celastraceae 16 Hypericaceae 

2 Chloranthaceae 2 Hypoxidaceae 

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Count Family Count Family 

3 Icacinaceae 1 Philydraceae 

10 Iridaceae 36 Phyllanthaceae 

26 Lacistemataceae 7 Plantaginaceae 

62 Lamiaceae 30 Polygalaceae 

147 Lauraceae 1 Potamogetonaceae 

3 Lecythidaceae 60 Pteridaceae 

25 Lentibulariaceae 1 Rhamnaceae 

3 Lindsaeaceae 1 Rubiaceae 

36 Loganiaceae 1 Saccolomataceae 

7 Lomariopsidaceae 83 Salicaceae 

40 Loranthaceae 12 Santalaceae 

8 Lycopodiaceae 1 Sapindaceae 

37 Lythraceae 3 Schlegeliaceae 

1 Magnoliaceae 4 Scrophulariaceae 

127 Malpighiaceae 1 Smilacaceae 

260 Malvaceae 1 Sphenocleaceae 

47 Marantaceae 15 Tectariaceae 

4 Marattiaceae 8 Thelypteridaceae 

7 Marcgraviaceae 22 Urticaceae 

1 Mayacaceae 2 Verbenaceae 

390 Melastomataceae 2 Woodsiaceae 

5 Meliaceae 5 Zamiaceae 

1 Menyanthaceae 12 Undetermined 

1 Monimiaceae 

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Table 2. Families re-curated at BRH, with approximate numbers of citation and determination 

slips used per group, name(s) of included families that are no longer accepted or families that 

some or all of genera have been moved to noted in paranthesis. 

Herbarium Specimens Recently Mounted 

Specimens 

Family Citation Determination Citation Determination Total 

Droseraceae 1 1 

Acanthaceae 22 22 

Actinidaceae 4 4 

Adiantaceae 

3 1 4 

(now Pteridaceae) 

Agavaceae 1 1 

Aizoaceae 0 

Alismataceae 2 2 

Amaranthaceae 

(incl. Chenopodiaceae) 

9 9 

Amaryllidaceae 0 

Anacardiaceae 0 

Annonaceae 11 1 1 13 

Apiaceae 0 

Apocynaceae 

25 4 29 

(incl. Asclepiadaceae) 

Aquifoliaceae 1 1 2 

Araceae 7 4 4 15 

Araliaceae 7 2 1 10 

Araucariaceae 0 

Arecaceae 6 9 15 

Aristolochiaceae 1 1 

Aspleniaceae 

(incl. Dryopteridaceae, 

Thelypteridaceae, 

Tectariaceae, 

Lomariopsidaceae) 

9 1 10 

Asteraceae 76 20 4 100 

Athyriaceae 

1 1 2 

(now Woodsiaceae) 

Balanophoraceae 2 2 

Balsaminaceae 0 

Basellaceae 1 1 

Bataceae 0 

Begoniaceae 1 1 

Bignoniaceae 22 10 32 

Blechnaceae 1 1 

Boraginaceae 8 3 1 12 

Brassicaceae 0 

Bromeliaceae 1 1 2 

Buddlejaceae 

0 

(now Scrophulariaceae) 

Burmanniaceae 1 1 

Burseraceae 6 4 10 

Cactaceae 4 4 

Campanulaceae 2 2 

Cannaceae 1 1 

9

Capparaceae 2 2 

Caricaceae 2 2 

Casuarinaceae 0 

Cecropiaceae 

(now Urticaceae) 

2 2 

Celastraceae 

(incl. Hippocrateaceae) 

19 2 1 22 

Chrysobalanaceae 4 2 6 

Clethraceae 3 2 5 

Clusiaceae 

16 6 2 24 

(incl. Hypericaceae) 

Cochlospermaceae 0 

Combretaceae 10 10 

Commelinaceae 9 1 1 11 

Connaraceae 1 1 

Convolvulaceae 16 15 31 

Costaceae 3 3 

Crassulaceae 3 3 

Cruciferae 

0 

(now Brassicaceae) 

Cucurbitaceae 4 2 6 

Cuppressaceae 0 

Cyatheaceae 1 1 

Cycadaceae (now 

1 1 

Zamiaceae) 

Cyclanthaceae 0 

Cymodaceae 1 1 

Cyperaceae 19 31 3 53 

Cyrillaceae 2 3 2 7 

Davalliaceae 

0 

(now Lomariopsidaceae) 

Dennstaediaceae 4 4 

Dichapetalaceae 2 2 

Dilleniaceae 8 1 9 

Dioscoreaceae 7 2 9 

Droseraceae 1 1 

Ebenaceae 4 4 8 

Elaeocarpaceae 5 5 

Ericaceae 0 

Eriocaulaceae 1 1 

Erythroxylaceae 7 8 15 

Euphorbiaceae 25 45 2 72 

Fabaceae – 

16 18 34 

Caesalpinoideae 

Fabaceae – Faboideae 59 3 1 13 76 

Fabaceae – Mimosoideae 47 13 60 

Fagaceae 5 3 1 9 

Flacourtiaceae 

18 6 24 

(now Salicaceae + others) 

Gentianaceae 7 2 9 

Gesneriaceae 2 4 1 7 

Gleichenaceae 0 

Haemodoraceae 0 

Haloragidaceae 0 

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Hamamelidaceae 0 

Heliconiaceae 10 10 

Hydrophyllaceae 0 

Hymenophyllaceae 2 2 

Hypoxidaceae 0 

Icacinaceae 2 2 

Iridaceae 1 2 2 5 

Lacistemataceae 1 1 

Lamiaceae 4 2 5 11 

Lauraceae 27 5 7 39 

Lecythidaceae 2 1 3 

Lentibulariaceae 3 3 6 

Liliaceae 0 

Loganiaceae 2 2 2 6 

Loranthaceae & 

2 2 1 5 

Santalaceae 

Lycopodiaceae 1 1 

Lythraceae 4 1 5 

Magnoliaceae 1 1 

Malpighiaceae 10 12 1 23 

Malvaceae 22 9 31 

Marantaceae 7 7 1 15 

Marattiaceae 0 

Marcgraviaceae 2 1 1 4 

Mayacaceae 1 1 

Melastomataceae 50 40 12 102 

Polygalaceae 4 4 8 

717 325 3 80 1125 

Total Citation Slips 720 

Total Determination Slips 405 

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Table 3. Twenty collectors with most specimens at BRH. 

Count Collector Count Collector 

901 Schipp, WA 144 Fosberg, FR 

618 Balick, MJ 110 Holst, BK 

413 Arvigo, R 108 Vargas, RI 

376 Dwyer, JD 88 Nee, M 

367 Proctor, GR 74 Peña Chocarro, M 

215 Anonymous 69 Walker, JB 

204 Davidse, G 66 Spellman, DL 

191 Croat, TB 61 Hunt, DR 

175 Monro, AK 57 Atha, DE 

150 Gentry, AH 55 Brown, JL 

The most prolific collectors (Table 3) amongst the collections currently present in the 

herbarium are William August Schipp (>900), Michael Balick (>600) and Rosita 

Arvigo (>400). Several important collectors are noticeably lacking specimens at BRH 

including Percival Gentle, Cyrus Lundell and Caroline Whitefoord, Gentle and 

Lundell seem not to have had duplicates distributed to BRH and many Whitefoord 

specimens are in boxes in the herbarium waiting to be mounted and incorporated. 

81 type specimens were among specimens re-curated at BRH (Table 4), five of these 

specimens were duplicates of types not previously indicated as types at BRH. It is 

anticipated that completion of the re-curation project will reveal more ‘hidden’ types. 

90% (73) of the type specimens curated to date at BRH are specimens collected by 

William Schipp, there are no types collected by Percival Gentle or Cyrus Lundell 

present in the collection. 

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Table 4. Type specimen information (collector name, collection number, family, filing name & type information) of types curated at BRH up to 10 th December 2010. 

Main 

Collector Number Family Filing Name Type Information 

Balick, M.J. 2698 Arecaceae Geonoma deversa Type of Geonoma deversa (Isotype BRH) 

Croat, T.B. 24979 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea lindenii Type of Ipomoea lindenii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Davidse, G. 31904 Asteraceae Acourtia belizeana Type of Acourtia belizeana (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Dwyer, J.D. 12334 Araceae Philodendron dwyeri Type of Philodendron dwyeri (Holotype MO, Isotype BRH) 

Proctor, G.R. 30073 Lauraceae Nectandra salicifolia Type of Nectandra cayoana (Isotype BRH) 

Proctor, G.R. 30211 Euphorbiaceae Sapium lateriflorum Type of Sapium mammosum (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Proctor, G.R. 35818 Asteraceae Critonia lanicaulis Type of Critonia belizeana (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Proctor, G.R. 36093 Aquifoliaceae Ilex tectonica Type of Ilex tectonica (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 24 Fabaceae - Mimosoideae Inga belizensis Type of Inga belizensis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 63 Melastomataceae Conostegia caelestis Type of Conostegia caelestis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 75 Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia schippii Type of Aristolochia schippii (Isotype BRH) 

Schipp, W.A. 113 Fabaceae - Faboideae Machaerium cirrhiferum Type of Machaerium merrillii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 128 Celastraceae Cheiloclinium belizense Type of Salacia belizensis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 168 Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana arborea Type of Tabernaemontana schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 201 Euphorbiaceae Pera barbellata Type of Pera barbellata (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 220 Melastomataceae Miconia schippii Type of Miconia schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 232 Melastomataceae Conostegia plumosa Type of Conostegia plumosa (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 284 Bignoniaceae Arrabidaea verrucosa Type of Arrabidaea belizensis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 320 Melastomataceae Henriettea cuneata Type of Maieta cuneata (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 354 Acanthaceae Justicia ensiflora Type of Justicia ensiflora (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 388 Melastomataceae Henriettea succosa Type of Henriettella macrocalyx (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 395 Melastomataceae Miconia bubalina Type of Miconia belizensis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 467 Melastomataceae Miconia ochroleuca Type of Miconia ochroleuca (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 493 Fabaceae - Faboideae Crotalaria cajanifolia Type of Crotalaria vitellina var. schippii (Isotype BRH) 

Schipp, W.A. 538 Fabaceae - Mimosoideae Inga quaternata Type of Inga schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 584 Fabaceae - Faboideae Eriosema crinitum var. crinitum Type of Eriosema pinetorum (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 610 Plantaginaceae Benjaminia reflexa Type of Bacopa naias (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 641 Araliaceae Dendropanax arboreus Type of Gilibertia schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 647 Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon schippii Type of Eriocaulon schippii (Isotype BM, Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 674 Apocynaceae Metastelma stenomeres Type of Cynanchum stenomeres (Isotype BM, Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 715 Celastraceae Elachyptera floribunda Type of Hippocratea lancifolia (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 763 Plantaginaceae Bacopa lacertosa Type of Bacopa lacertosa (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 856 Lauraceae Nectandra belizensis Type of Nectandra schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

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Schipp, W.A. 960 Annonaceae Desmopsis schippii Type of Desmopsis schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 961 Acanthaceae Mendoncia lindavii Type of Mendoncia belizensis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 965 Cyrillaceae Purdiaea belizensis Type of Schizocardia belizensis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 973 Burseraceae Protium schippii Type of Protium schippii (Isotype BRH) 

Schipp, W.A. 1014 Celastraceae Maytenus schippii Type of Maytenus schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1018 Euphorbiaceae Sebastiania tuerckheimiana Type of Sebastiania longicuspis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1031 Araliaceae Oreopanax obtusifolius Type of Oreopanax obtusifolius (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1040 Boraginaceae Cordia stellifera Type of Cordia stellifera (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1049 Euphorbiaceae Sapium glandulosum Type of Sapium schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1052 Fabaceae - Faboideae Ormosia macrocalyx Type of Ormosia toledoana (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1091 Fabaceae - Faboideae Machaerium floribundum Type of Machaerium rosescens (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1120 Fabaceae - Faboideae Vatairea lundellii Type of Lonchocarpus amarus (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1127 Bignoniaceae Clytostoma binatum Type of Clytostoma elegans (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1163 Elaeocarpaceae Sloanea schippii Type of Sloanea schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1168 Connaraceae Rourea schippii Type of Rourea schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1182 Salicaceae Homalium racemosum Type of Homalium riparium (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1196 Fabaceae - Mimosoideae Abarema idiopoda Type of Pithecellobium halogenes (Isotype BRH, Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1197 Fabaceae - Caesalpinioideae Bauhinia sericella Type of Bauhinia sericella (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1203 Annonaceae Unonopsis pittieri Type of Unonopsis schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1204 Phyllanthaceae Amanoa guianensis Type of Amanoa potamophila (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1205 Gentianaceae 

Lisianthius brevidentatus var. 

collinus 

Type of Lisianthius collinus (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1236 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea trifida Type of Ipomoea confertiflora (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1242 Clusiaceae Clusia belizensis Type of Clusia belizensis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1248 Fagaceae Quercus insignis Type of Quercus schippii (Isotype BM, Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1260 Fabaceae - Mimosoideae Pithecellobium peckii Type of Pithecellobium pistaciifolium (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1262 Lauraceae Beilschmiedia hondurensis Type of Beilschmiedia hondurensis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1272 Araliaceae Oreopanax geminatus Type of Oreopanax lachnocephalus (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1273 Marcgraviaceae Marcgravia schippii Type of Marcgravia schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1275 Clusiaceae Clusia salvinii Type of Clusia schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1277 Acanthaceae Justicia albobracteata Type of Justicia albobracteata (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1281 Ebenaceae Diospyros tetrasperma Type of Diospyros schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1282 Lauraceae Licaria misantlae Type of Chanekia coriacea (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1290 Euphorbiaceae Acalypha gummifera Type of Acalypha gummifera (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1297 Fabaceae - Faboideae Ormosia schippii Type of Ormosia schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1306 Fabaceae - Mimosoideae Mimosa ervendbergii Type of Mimosa scalpens (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

14

Schipp, W.A. 1314 Salicaceae Laetia procera Type of Casearia belizensis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1318 Fabaceae - Mimosoideae Cojoba graciliflora Type of Pithecellobium schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1320 Melastomataceae Topobea watsonii Type of Topobea rosea (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1330 Fabaceae - Faboideae Chaetocalyx brasiliensis Type of Chaetocalyx belizensis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. 1353 Acanthaceae Odontonema tubaeforme Type of Odontonema amicorum (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. S89 Lentibulariaceae Utricularia amethystina Type of Utricularia adenantha (Isotype BM, Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. S569 Arecaceae Chamaedorea graminifolia Type of Chamaedorea schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. S630 Fabaceae - Caesalpinioideae Bauhinia rubelcruziana Type of Bauhinia emarginella (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. S635 Celastraceae Maytenus guatemalensis Type of Maytenus guatemalensis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. S661 Bignoniaceae Mussatia hyacinthina Type of Tynanthus hyacinthinus (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. S676 Fabaceae - Faboideae Machaerium riparium Type of Machaerium habroneurum (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO) 

Schipp, W.A. S694 Acanthaceae Justicia fimbriata Type of Beloperone crenata (Isotype BRH) 

Schipp, W.A. S899 Loganiaceae Strychnos brachistantha Type of Strychnos brachistantha (Isotype BRH) 

15

5. Next Steps 

5.1. Anticipated work in project year 3 

During project year 3 German Lopez will have sufficient experience to continue and 

complete the herbarium re-curation. At least 40 days (20%) of his time in year 3 will 

be allocated to this task, it is anticipated that he should be able to finish by the end of 

project in March 2012. In case of queries he can call upon expertise from RBGE. 

5.2. Potential Issues 

5.2.1. Classification 

Following completion of this re-curation project the angiosperm families and genera 

in the herbarium will follow the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III classification 

(2009), fern families will follow Smith et al. (2006) and species names will follow 

‘The Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Belize’ (Balick et al., 2000). However many 

of the species concepts utilised by Balick et al. (2000) are no longer accepted, thus 

following this first re-curation effort it is recommended that Forest Department in cooperation 

with the Environmental Research Institute continue to update species and 

generic names in the herbarium. 

The Savanna plant database currently being developed as part of this Darwin Project 

follows APG III and Smith et al. (2006) in its family delimitations. This database will 

be used to produce an index of accepted families, genera and their synonyms for use 

in the herbarium. It will also allow future updates of these indices to be produced as 

necessary. 

5.2.2. Specimen folders 

As discussed in detail in Goodwin et al. (2010) the supplies of inner and outer covers 

available within the herbarium are low and not sufficient for the numbers of 

specimens currently in the herbarium; there are many inner covers that contain too 

many specimens. We had estimated that there are currently 660 outer folders and 

1320 inner folders in the herbarium. The urgency of this issue will grow with the 

incorporation of recently mounted specimens into the herbarium and the repatriation 

of duplicates from overseas herbaria. The Darwin project has purchased 1,900 

specimen folders for the BRH herbarium during year 2 to alleviate some of this 

pressure, however the the purchase of further supplies of archive quality outer and 

inner covers is still urgently recommended. 

More outer covers need to be purchased to allow genera to be placed separate genus 

covers as currently small genera share outer covers. 

5.2.3. Specimen data capture, management and digitisation 

Specimens re-curated as part of this project have all been logged in the database 

developed by the project. Minimal data capture was performed for specimens not 

already registered in the database however the majority of specimens re-curated at 

BRH were already present in the database. This data set provides a perfect tool to aid 

the management of the herbarium. However the fine details of how this data will be 

managed by the Forest Department and the Environmental Research Institute needs to 

16

e resolved. For example for this system to work specimens incorporated in the 

herbarium need to be continued to be logged in the database and any changes in 

specimen determinations or in nomenclature used in the herbarium must be updated in 

the database. The top copy of this database will be handed over to the Environmental 

Research Institute in early project year 3. 

17

6. Bibliography 

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III (2009). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny 

Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. 

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 105-121. 

Balick, M.J., Nee, M.H. & Atha, D.E. (2000). Checklist of the Vascular Plants of 

Belize. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 85: 246. 

Goodwin, Z.A., Lopez, G.N., Mai, H., Haston, E., Harris, D.J. & Stuart, N. (2010). 

Herbarium Recuration Interim Report. In: Darwin Initiative Project 17-022: 

Conservation of the Lowland Savannas of Belize. pp. 1-9. 

Haston, E., Richardson, J.E., Stevens, P.F., Chase, M.W. & Harris, D.J. (2009). The 

Linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (LAPG) III: a linear sequence of the families in 

APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 128–131. 

Pennington, T.D. (1997). The genus Inga. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 

Smith, A.R., Pryer, K.M., Schuettpelz, E., Korall, P., Schneider, H. & Wolf, P.G. 

(2006). A classification for extant ferns. Taxon 55(3): 705–731. 

Thiers, B.M. (accessed September 2010). Index Herbariorum: A global directory of 

public herbaria and associated staff. In: New York Botanical Garden's Virtual 

Herbarium. http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/. 

Tropicos.org (01 Sep 2010). In: Missouri Botanical Garden 

. 

18

Boxes 

Refrigerator 

6 

5 

4 

Empty 

3 

8 

7 

Empty 

2 

9 

Shelves 

1 

Storage 

& 

Mounted 

Desk 

Mounted 

Mounted 

Mounted 

from 

Empty P – Z Sealed 

Locked 

F - M 

RBGE 

+ Ferns 

(1/3) 

Mounted 

A - E 

Mounted 

N - P 

Sealed Sealed 

Locked 

Locked 

Mounted 

Desk 

Desk 

11 10 Locked Storage Empty 

Appendix 1A. Layout of herbarium cabinets at BRH prior to re-curation. 

Legend: 

“New” cabinet 33 

shelves (3 x 11) 

“Old” cabinet 26 

shelves (2 x 13)

Boxes 

Refrigerator 

11 

9 8 

12 

10 13 

21 

19 20 

15 

14 

Shelves 

7 6 5 

Desk 

16 17 18 

4 3 2 

Appendix 1B. Layout of herbarium cabinets at BRH after to re-curation. 

Desk 

Desk 

1 

Legend: 

“New” cabinet 33 

shelves (3 x 11) 

“Old” cabinet 26 

shelves (2 x 13)

Appendix 2A. Organisation of families within cabinets at BRH prior to re-curation with approximate number of shelves occupied 

indicated. 

1 2 3 4 5 

Acanthaceae 2 Asteliaceae 0 Cabombaceae 0 Cyperaceae 6 Fabaceae 23 

Achariaceae Asteraceae 10 Cactaceae 0.5 Cyrillaceae 1 

Actinidiaceae Aytoniaceae 0 Campanulaceae 0.5 Davalliaceae 0 

Adiantaceae 

Adoxaceae 1 

Balanophoraceae 

Balsaminaceae 

1 Cannabaceae 

Cannaceae 

0 Dennstaedtiaceae 

0.5 Dichapetalaceae 

1 

Agavaceae Basellaceae Capparaceae 0.5 Dilleniaceae 2 

Aizoaceae Bataceae Caprifoliaceae 0 Dioscoreaceae 1 

Alismataceae 

Begoniaceae 1 Caricaceae 0.5 Droseraceae 0.5 

Alliaceae 

Alstroemeriaceae 

Bignoniaceae 

0 

Bixaceae 

5 Caryophyllaceae 

1 Casuarinaceae 

0 Dryopteridaceae 

0.5 Ebenaceae 

1 

1 

Altingiaceae Blechnaceae Celastraceae 1 Elaeocarpaceae 1 

Amaranthaceae 1 Boraginaceae 3 Ceratophyllaceae Equisetaceae 0 

Amaryllidaceae 

Anacardiaceae 

Brassicaceae 

2 Bromeliaceae 

0.5 Chenopodiaceae 

3 Chloranthaceae 

0 Ericaceae 

Eriocaulaceae 

1 

Anemiaceae 0 Brunelliaceae 0 Chrysobalanaceae 3 Erythroxylaceae ? 

Annonaceae 

Anthericaceae 

2 Buddlejaceae 

0 Burmanniaceae 

Cibotiaceae 

0.5 Cistaceae 

0 

Euphorbiaceae 7 

Apiaceae 0.5 Burseraceae 1.5 Cleomaceae 

Apocynaceae 3.5 Butomaceae 0 Clethraceae 1 

Apodanthaceae 

Aponogetonaceae 

0 

Buxaceae 0.5 Clusiaceae 

Cochlospermaceae 

3 

1 

Aquifoliaceae 1 Combretaceae 4 

Araceae 3 Commelinaceae 1 

Araliaceae 

Araucariaceae 

0.5 

Connaraceae 

Convolvulaceae 

1 

2 

Arecaceae 8 Costaceae 1 

Aristolochiaceae 1 Crassulaceae 0.5 

Asparagaceae Cucurbitaceae 1 

Asphodelaceae 1 

Culcitaceae 0 

Aspleniaceae 

Cupressaceae 

Cyatheaceae 

Cyclanthaceae 

1 

Cymodoceaceae 0.5

6 7 8 9 10 

Fabaceae 9 Magnoliaceae 0 Melastomataceae 3 Poaceae 8 Rubiaceae 8 

Fagaceae 1 Malpighiaceae 4 Meliaceae 4 Podocarpaceae 0.5 Rutaceae 1 

Gentianaceae 1 Malvaceae 7 Menispermaceae Polygalaceae 1 Saccolomataceae 

Gesneriaceae 

Gleicheniaceae 

Marantaceae 

1 

Marattiaceae 

2 Menyanthaceae 

Monimiaceae 

1 Polygonaceae 

Polypodiaceae 

5 Salicaceae 

1 Salviniaceae 

2 

0.5 

Haemodoraceae 

Haloragidaceae 

Marcgraviaceae 

1 

Mayacaceae 

1 Moraceae 

Musaceae 

3 Pontederiaceae 

1 Portulacaceae 

Santalaceae 

Sapindaceae 

0.5 

3 

Heliconiaceae 

Hydrophyllaceae 

1 Melastomataceae 9 Myricaceae 

Myristicaceae 

Potamogetonaceae 

1 Primulaceae 

1 

Sapotaceae 

Schizaeaceae 

3 

0.5 

Hymenophyllaceae 

Hypericaceae 

1? 

Myrsinaceae 

Myrtaceae 

1 Proteaceae 

3 Psilotaceae 

Schlegeliaceae 

Scrophulariaceae 

0.5 

1 

Hypoxidaceae 

Najadaceae Pteridaceae 1 Selaginellaceae 0.5 

Icacinaceae Nyctaginaceae 1 Punicaceae Simaroubaceae 1 

Iridaceae 1 

Nymphaeaceae 

Putranjivaceae 1 Smilacaceae 1 

Isoetaceae 

Ochnaceae 1 Quiinaceae 

Lacistemataceae 1 Olacaceae Ranunculaceae 0.5 

Lamiaceae 2 Oleaceae 1 Rhamnaceae 0.5 

Lauraceae 5 Onagraceae 

Rhizophoraceae 1 

Lecythidaceae 

Lentibulariaceae 

1 

Ophioglossaceae 

Orchidaceae 

0 Rosaceae 

2 Rubiaceae 

0.5 

6 

Lindsaeaceae 

Loganiaceae 

1 

Oxalidaceae 

Papaveraceae 1 

Lomariopsidaceae Passifloraceae 

Lophosoriaceae 1 

Phyllanthaceae 1 

Loranthaceae 

Phytolaccaceae 0.5 

Lycopodiaceae Pinaceae 1 

Lygodiaceae 

Lythraceae 

1 

Piperaceae 2

11 

Solanaceae 4 

Sphenocleaceae 

Staphyleaceae 

1 

Symplocaceae 

Taxaceae 

0.5 

Tectariaceae 

Theaceae 

1 

Thelypteridaceae 

Theophrastaceae 

1 

Turneraceae 1 

Typhaceae 0.5 

Ulmaceae 1 

Urticaceae 1 

Verbenaceae 5 

Violaceae 1 

Vitaceae 

Vochysiaceae 

Woodsiaceae 

Xyridaceae 

1 

Zamiaceae 

Zingiberaceae 

Zygophyllaceae 

1

Appendix 2B. Organisation of families within cabinets at BRH prior to re-curation with approximate number of shelves occupied 

indicated, cabinets 14 onwards are projected. 

1 2 3 4 5 

Acanthaceae 5 Apocynaceae 10 Arecaceae 16 Asteraceae 11 Boraginaceae 4 

Achariaceae 

Actinidiaceae 1 

Aquifoliaceae 

Araceae 

1 Aristolochiaceae 

7 Asparagaceae 

1 Balanophoraceae 

1 Balsaminaceae 

Brassicaceae 

1 

Bromeliaceae 

1 

5 

Agavaceae 

Aizoaceae 

Araliaceae 

Araucariaceae 

2 Asphodelaceae 

1 Aspleniaceae 

1 Basellaceae 

1 Bataceae 

Burmanniaceae 

1 

Burseraceae 

1 

3 

Alismataceae 1 Spare 5 Spare 6 Begoniaceae 1 Buxaceae 1 

Altingiaceae 

26 26 Bignoniaceae 5 Cactaceae 1 

Amaranthaceae 1 Bixaceae 1 Campanulaceae 1 

Amaryllidaceae 1 Blechnaceae 1 Cannaceae 1 

Anacardiaceae 5 Spare 5 Capparaceae 1 

Annonaceae 6 26 Caricaceae 1 

Apiaceae 1 Casuarinaceae 1 

Spare 5 Spare 5 

26 26 

6 7 8 9 10 

Celastraceae 2 Crassulaceae 1 Elaeocarpaceae 1 Fabaceae 23 Fabaceae 23 

Chloranthaceae 1 Cucurbitaceae 1 Ericaceae 1 Spare 3 Spare 3 

Chrysobalanaceae 

Cleomaceae 

2 Cupressaceae 

1 Cyatheaceae 

Eriocaulaceae 

1 

Erythroxylaceae 

1 

1 

26 26 

Clethraceae 

Clusiaceae 

1 Cyclanthaceae 

2 Cymodoceaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

1 

Fabaceae 

9 

7 

Cochlospermaceae 1 Cyperaceae 8 Spare 6 

Combretaceae 5 Cyrillaceae 1 26 

Commelinaceae 

Connaraceae 

1 Dennstaedtiaceae 

1 Dichapetalaceae 

1 

Convolvulaceae 3 Dilleniaceae 3 

Costaceae 1 Dioscoreaceae 1 

Spare 5 Droseraceae 1 

26 Dryopteridaceae 1 

Ebenaceae 1 

Spare 5 

26

11 12 13 14 15 

Fagaceae 2 Lecythidaceae Malvaceae 4 Melastomataceae 3 Myrtaceae ? 

Gentianaceae 1 Lentibulariaceae 1 Marantaceae 3 Meliaceae ? Najadaceae ? 

Gesneriaceae 1 Lindsaeaceae 

Marattiaceae Menispermaceae ? Nyctaginaceae ? 

Gleicheniaceae 1 Loganiaceae 2 Marcgraviaceae 1 Menyanthaceae ? Nymphaeaceae ? 

Haemodoraceae 

Haloragidaceae 

Lomariopsidaceae 

1 

Loranthaceae 

1 Mayacaceae 

2 Melastomataceae 

Monimiaceae 

15 Moraceae 

? 

? 

Ochnaceae 

Olacaceae 

? 

? 

Heliconiaceae 3 Lycopodiaceae 1 Spare 3 Musaceae ? Oleaceae ? 

Hydrophyllaceae 

Hymenophyllaceae 

Lythraceae 

1 

Magnoliaceae 

1 

0.5 

26 Myricaceae 

Myristicaceae 

? 

? 

Onagraceae 

Ophioglossaceae 

? 

? 

Hypericaceae 

Hypoxidaceae 

Malpighiaceae 

1 

Malvaceae 

4.5 

8 

Myrsinaceae 

Spare 

? 

? 

Orchidaceae 

Oxalidaceae 

? 

? 

Icacinaceae 

Iridaceae 

1 

Spare 5 

26 

Spare ? 

Lacistemataceae 1 

Lamiaceae 2 

Lauraceae 7 

Spare 4 

26 

16 17 18 19 20 

Papaveraceae ? Podocarpaceae ? Rubiaceae ? Sapindaceae ? Solanaceae ? 

Passifloraceae ? Polygalaceae ? Rutaceae ? Sapotaceae ? Sphenocleaceae ? 

Phyllanthaceae ? Polygonaceae ? Saccolomataceae ? Schizaeaceae ? Staphyleaceae ? 

Phytolaccaceae ? Polypodiaceae ? Salicaceae ? Schlegeliaceae ? Symplocaceae ? 

Pinaceae ? Pontederiaceae ? Salviniaceae ? Scrophulariaceae ? Taxaceae ? 

Piperaceae ? Portulacaceae ? Santalaceae ? Selaginellaceae ? Tectariaceae ? 

Poaceae ? Potamogetonaceae ? Spare ? Simaroubaceae ? Theaceae ? 

Spare ? Primulaceae ? Smilacaceae ? Thelypteridaceae ? 

Proteaceae ? Spare ? Theophrastaceae ? 

Psilotaceae ? Turneraceae ? 

Pteridaceae ? Typhaceae ? 

Punicaceae ? Ulmaceae ? 

Putranjivaceae ? Urticaceae ? 

Quiinaceae ? Verbenaceae ? 

Ranunculaceae ? Violaceae ? 

Rhamnaceae ? Vitaceae ? 

Rhizophoraceae ? Vochysiaceae ? 

Rosaceae ? Woodsiaceae ?

17 continued 20 continued 

Rubiaceae ? Xyridaceae ? 

Spare ? Zamiaceae ? 

Zingiberaceae ? 

Zygophyllaceae ? 

Spare ?

Herbarium Recuration Interim Report - Research

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