Eugenia caryophyllata Thunberg - International Journal of Research ...

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ISSN: 2229-3701 

__________________________________________Review Article 

Eugenia caryophyllata Thunberg (Family Myrtaceae): A Review 

Jitender Singh*, Anupama Baghotia and SP Goel 

Sachdeva College of Pharmacy, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India. 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

ABSTRACT 

Eugenia caryophyllata Thunberg, belongs to family Myrtaceae, commonly known as clove, is an aromatic tree, 

native to Indonesia and used as a spice in cuisines in many parts of the world. Clove has been traditionally used 

from ancient times in the treatment of roundworms and tapeworms, asthma, toothache, soar throat, dental, 

respiratory disorders, digestive system ailments, dyspepsia, gastritis, diarrhea, as antipyretic, aphrodisiac, 

carminative, appetizer, expectorant, antiemetic, anxiolytic, myorelaxant, analgesic, decongestant, antiinflammatory, 

hypnotic, vermifuge, antibacterial agent etc. Clove is widely used in Indian Ayurvedic 

medicines, Chinese medicines, Unani medicines of Asian countries and Western herbal medicines. Research on 

clove has been done on a larger level in many parts of the world. Eugenol is the main constituent in essential 

oil of clove, which is responsible for its medicinal properties to larger extent. In view of its importance, it is 

worthwhile to compile a review article, which serves the needs of scientists and others involved in the 

medicinal plant research. 

Key Words: Clove, Eugenia caryophyllata, Myrtaceae, Eugenol. 

INTRODUCTION 

The genus Eugenia is one of 75 genera (~3000 

species) belonging to the family Myrtaceae which 

is native in the tropics, particularly in tropical 

America as well as Australia and plants of this 

family are known to be rich in volatile oils which 

are reported for their medicinal importance. Genus 

Eugenia has properties like anti-inflammatory, 

analgesic, antipyretic 1,2 , antifungal 3 and used in 

peptic ulcer treatment 4 . 

Syzygium aromaticum (Linn.) Merr. & L.M. Perry 

(Syn. Eugenia aromatica) Kuntze, Eugenia 

caryophyllata Thunberg, belongs to family 

Myrtaceae, commonly known as clove, is an 

aromatic tree, native to Indonesia and used as a 

spice in cuisines in many parts of the world 5,6,7 . It is 

grown naturally in Moluku Islands of Indonesia 

and cultivated in many parts of the world like 

Tanzania, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, India, China, 

Indonesia, Malaysia, Brazil, Malagasy Republic, 

Jamaica and Guinea 8,9 . It is an ever-green plant of 

10 to 20 m in height with spear-shaped leaves and 

racemiferous yellowish flowers, has a strong 

phenolic smell and sharp acrid taste, whereas, 

essential oil of clove is a colorless or light 

yellowish fluid extracted from dried flower buds. 

Flower buds collected twice a year, in the months 

of October and February when they change color 

from green to crimson, dried carefully and 

separated from their peduncles. Clove is broadly 

used in cooking (biryanis, salads, pickles and 

garam masala), pharmacy, perfumery and 

cosmetics. 

Vernacular Names 

Arabic: Kabsh qarunfil, Kabsh quaranful; 

Bulgarian: Karamfil; Chinese: Ding xiang; Danish: 

Nellike; French: Giroflier; German: Nelke; Greek: 

Garifalo; Georgian: Mikhaki, Mixaki; Indian: 

Laung, Clove; Indonesian: Cengke; Italian: Chiodo 

di garifano; Japanese: Garifla, Choji, Kurobu; 

Korean: Jeonghyang; Nepalis: Lewaang; 

Portuguese: Cravo de India; Persian: Mikhak; 

Pasto: Kala; Russian: Gvosdika, Shambala; 

Spanish: Clovo, Clovo de olor; Swedish: 

Kryddnejlika, Nejlikor; Turkish: Caranfil; Thai: 

Khan plu, Garn ploo; Vienamese: Ding huong 10 . 

Description 

The Eugenia caryophyllata tree is an evergreen 

tree, which grows to a height ranging from 10-20 

m. Flower buds are first of a pale color and 

gradually become green after which they develop 

into dark brown or dusty red. Flower buds are 

generally 10-17.5 mm in length and consist of a 

sub-cylindrical, slightly flattened, four sided 

hypanthium. Upper portion of hypanthium consists 

of two celled inferior ovary with numerous ovules 

attached to an axile placenta, surmounted by four 

thick, divergent sepals and covered by unopened 

corolla consisting of four membranous imbricate 

petals, frequently detached, enclosing numerous 

incurved stamens, odor, strongly aromatic; taste, 

pungent, aromatic followed by slight tingling of the 

tongue 11 . 

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Identity, Purity and Strength 

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India listed the 

standards of clove as Foreign matter Not more than 

2 per cent, Total ash Not more than 7 per cent, 

Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1 per cent, 

Alcohol-soluble extractive Not less than 3 per cent, 

Water-soluble extractive Not less than 9 per cent, 

Volatile oil Not less than 15 percent 11 . 

ETHANOPHARMACOLOGY 

In British Columbia, Flower of Clove is widely 

used in the treatment of roundworms and 

tapeworms in pets and pigs 12 whereas, flower bud 

of E. caryophyllata has been used as traditional 

medicine for the treatment of asthma and various 

allergic disorders; as vermifuge, antibacterial agent 

and in toothache in China, Japan and Korea 13,14 . 

The flower bud is a well known food flavor for 

exotic food preparations and a popular remedy for 

headache, soar throat, dental and respiratory 

disorders, digestive system ailments, in traditional 

medicines of Australia and Asian countries 8,13,15,16 . 

In addition, the clove is widely used as traditional 

medicine for treatment of dyspepsia, gastritis and 

diarrhea; as antipyretic, aphrodisiac, appetizer, 

expectorant, antiemetic, anxiolytic, myorelaxant, 

analgesic, decongestant, anti-inflammatory and 

hypnotic 17,18,19,20 . Clove is widely used in Indian 

Ayurvedic medicines, Chinese medicines, Unani 

medicines of Asian countries and Western herbal 

medicines and considered as warm, aromatic, to 

fortify the kidney yang (hypochlorhydria), 

carminative, in toothache, as aphrodisiac and in the 

treatment of male sexual disorders 15,21,22 . 

Clove oil has been used to improve peristalsis, as 

anodyne, in anaesthesia and is said to be a natural 

anthelmintic 23,24,25,26 . Due to its frequent use in 

teeth problems, it is widely used as an ingredient in 

popular toothpastes and mouth fresheners in 

India 27 . Clove is broadly used in cooking, food 

processing, pharmacy, perfumery and cosmetics. 

PHARMACOLOGICAL UPDATE 

Several studies have been reported on clove as a 

potent antifungal 28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36 , antiviral (such 

as Herpex simplex, Hepatitis C virus) 37,38,39 , 

antiseptic and antibacterial effect against several 

bacteria including Escherichia coli, Helicobacter 

pylori, Staphylococcus aureus etc. 

25,30,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48 . 

Mishra and Singh has demonstrated the biphasic 

nature of hexane extract of flower buds on testis. 

The lower dose (15 mg/kg) increased testosterone 

production, while higher doses (30 and 60 mg/kg) 

caused reduction in testosterone production thereby 

perturbation in spermatogenesis of mice 49 . In 

addition, the clove is antimutagenic 50 , antiinflammatory 

13 , antiulcerogenic 42,45 , 

antithrombotic 5 and antiparasitic 51 . 

The essential oil of this plant has been proved 

efficacious repellency on the mosquitoes Ades 

aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles 

dirus 52 , insecticidal activity on Pediculus capitis 51 

as well as acaricidal activity against 

Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus 14 . 

It is also effective against Psoroptes cuniculi, a 

mange mite 53 and possesses anti-inflammatory, 

cytotoxic, anesthetic and antimicrobial properties. 

It is commonly associated with dental caries and 

periodontal disease 25,39 . 

Sesquiterpenes, found in clove, were investigated 

as potent anticarcinogenic agents 9 . Eugenol, the 

major aromatic constituent of clove oil, has been 

reported to have a variety of different applications, 

e.g. as an antioxidant 54,55,56,57,58,59 , antimycotic 60,61 , 

antibacterial 62,63 , antifungal 64 , participates in 

photochemical reactions 65 , as insecticidal 66 , in 

photocytotoxicity 67 and also as an additive used in 

certain cigarettes 68,69 . 

It has been reported that eugenol at low 

concentration acts as an antioxidant and antiinflammatory 

agent, whereas its higher 

concentrations act as a pro-oxidant resulting from 

the enhanced generation of tissue-damaging free 

radicals 70,71 and it induced apoptosis of human 

cancer cells 72 . It also prevents the transmission of 

HSV-2 in a mouse model of intra vaginal HSV-2 

challenge and was found to give protection in 

guinea pig model of HSV 73 . It has been reported 

that the essential oil of clove has anticonvulsive 

effect in tonic seizures but not in colonic seizures 

in mice 74 and produces a sustained increase in the 

mounting frequency of normal male rats and 

mice 21,75 . On the other hand, Eugenol, a chief 

constituent of clove oil, causes desquamation of the 

inner secretory columnar cell layer and exerts 

adverse effects on secretory activity of seminal 

vesicle 76 , spermicidal activity on ejaculated human 

spermatozoa 77 and possesses significant antiinflammatory 

activity at 0.025 mL/kg 78 . 

It has been reported that eugenol at various 

concentrations 5, 10, 50 and 100 µM exhibited a 

remarkable DPPH free radical scavenging potential 

and showed the cytotoxic effect. The IC50 values 

of eugenol were reported to be 700 µM in HepG2 

cells; 1000 µM in Caco-2 cells and 700 µM in 

VH10 cells. The terpenes, beta-caryophyllene, 

beta-caryophyllene oxide, alpha-humulene, alphahumulene 

epoxide I and eugenol isolated from 

essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata induce 

glutathione S-transferase enzyme which plays a 

vital role in detoxification in liver and intestines 79 . 

It is stated that induction of glutathione Stransferase 

inhibits chemical carcinogens, hence 

these terpenes are promising anticarcinogens 9 . 

However, clove oil is toxic to human cells 26 . If 

ingested or injected in large quantity, it has been 

shown to cause life threatening complications, 

including Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, 



Fulminant Hepatic Failure and Central Nervous 

System disorder. The lethal oral dose of clove has 

been reported as 3.752 g/Kg body weight 80,81 and 

the median lethal dose of Eugenia caryophyllata 

and its etheric oil were reported as 0.613 mL/kg 

and 0.863 mL/kg in mice respectively 82 . 

PHYTOCHEMISTRY 

Many Eugenia species were reported as a good 

source of polyphenols, gallic and ellagic acid 

derivatives 83,84 , tannins 85,86 and flavonol 

glycosides 1,2,86,87,88 . 

Eugenia caryophyllata is a rich source of essential 

oil. It contains 15-20% essential oil, 13% tannins, 

10% fixed oil and 6-12% non-essential ether 

extract. Essential oil of clove is a colorless or light 

yellowish fluid, a distillate of dried flowers, stalks 

and leaves 7,89 . Several constituents of clove oil 

have been identified but eugenol (C10H12O2), 

eugenyl acetate and β-caryophyllene represent the 

major components of the oil. Eugenol (4-allyl-2methoxyphenol), 

makes up 70 to 90% by 

weight 90,91 , eugenol acetate (> 17%) and cariofilen 

(> 12%), β-caryophyllene (9%), 1,8-Cineole 

(0.1%), Linalool (0.2%), α-Copaene (1.2%), α- 

Humulene (3.5%), β-Cadinene (0.5%), 

Epizonarene (0.1%), α -Muurolene (0.1%), 

Eugenyl acetate (4.2%), δ-Cadinene (3.6%), αcopaen 

(1.0%), methoxy benzaldehyde, benzyl 

alcohol, benzaldehyde, carvacrol, 2-heptanone, 

methyl salicylate, isoeugenol, methyl eugenol, 

phenyl propanoides, dehydrodieugenol, transconfireryl 

aldehyde, biflorin, kaempferol, 

rhamnocitrin, myricetin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, 

oleanolic acid, thymol, cinnamaldehyde, acetyl 

salicylate, vanillin, and crategolic acid. It has been 

reported that clove also contains tannins 

(gallotannic acid), flavonoids (eugenin, rhamnetin, 

and eugenitin), triterpenoids (oleanolic acid, 

stigmasterol and campesterol) 6,7,9,25,39,51,53,78,92,93 . 

The characteristic smell and taste of clove oil is due 

to the presence of a wide range terpene 

compounds 94,95 . 

CONCLUSION 

Clove is a medicinally important drug, reported to 

have a variety of different applications like 

antioxidant, antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, 

antithrombic, antipyretic, analgesic, 

anticonvulsant, antimycotic, insecticidal, 

antimutagenic, antiulcerogenic etc. Eugenol is the 

main constituent reported to be responsible for 

these activities. There is a great scope for 

researchers to develop efficacious formulations 

using clove or eugenol. This review will be helpful 

to the future researchers for the up-to-date 

information on clove. 

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